Using Objects

This Lecture
• Objects
• Classes
• instances
• Methods
• String Methods
• Wrapper Classes
• Math Class
Objects
• Objects are variables of user-defined data types.
(reference type variables)
a person,
an item in a shop,
an order someone has made, etc.
Objects
• Objects are variables of user-defined data types.
(reference type variables)
Persons

name age gender height weight nationality ect…

Jack 86 male 178 65 china
Mike 66 male 170 55 china
…
Objects
• Objects are variables of user-defined data types.
(reference type variables)
Books
Object vs Primitive

• Objects : reference data types.

• Primitive : int, double, boolean …

int number = 9;

double temperature = 36.6;

boolean condition = true;

Person c =……

Book d =……
Object vs Primitive
int number = 9;
double temperature = 36.6;

name age gender height weight nationality ect…

Person c =…… Jack 86 male 178 65 china
Person d =…… Mike 66 male 170 55 china
…
Object vs Primitive
int number = 9;
double temperature = 36.6;

Book a =……
Book b =……
 How to create a new
Book （ object ） with Java?

Template ：

Class is the template you use for creating

objects.
How to create a class Book with
Java?

public class Book {

String bookName;
String Author;
String Publisher;
String Genre;
boolean Fiction;
double price;
}
 How to create a new
Book （ object ） with Java?
Object 1 ：

public Book(String bookName, String Author, String Publisher, String Genre, boolean
Fiction) {
this.bookName=bookName;
this.Author=Author; public class Book {
this.Publisher=Publisher; String bookName;
this.Genre=Genre; String Author;
this.Fiction=Fiction; String Publisher;
} String Genre;
boolean Fiction;
double price;
}
public class Book {
String bookName;
String Author;
String Publisher;
String Genre;
boolean Fiction;

public Book(String bookName, String Author, String Publisher, String Genre, boolean
Fiction) {
this.bookName=bookName;
this.Author=Author;
this.Publisher=Publisher;
this.Genre=Genre;
this.Fiction=Fiction;
} Object 1 ：

public static void main(String[] argument){

Book bookObject1 = new Book("Picking daisies","J.Frank","Cambridge
horticulture","Gardening",false);

} reference Variables: bookObject1 is an instances of the

Object vs Primitive
int number = 9;
double temperature = 36.6;

Book a = new Book("Picking daisies","J.Frank","Cambridge

horticulture","Gardening",false);
Create an Object
• Class
• Instances Variable/static variable(state/attribute )
• Methods/behavior
• Constructor(new object)
public class Book {
String bookName;
String Author;
String Publisher;
String Genre;
boolean Fiction; instances Variable(state/attribute )

public Book(String bookName, String Author, String Publisher, String Genre, boolean
Fiction) {
this.bookName=bookName;
this.Author=Author;
this.Publisher=Publisher;
this.Genre=Genre; Constructor
this.Fiction=Fiction;
}

(methods/behavior)
public static void main(String[] argument){
Book bookObject1 = new Book("Picking daisies","J.Frank","Cambridge
new object
horticulture","Gardening",false);

} reference Variables: bookObject1 is an instances of the Book

How to create a new Rectangle?
width height
4 6
class Rectangle{
int width;
int height;
public Rectangle(int w,int h){
this.width=w;
this.height=h;
}
public static void main(String[] argument){
Rectangle objectRectangle1 = new
Rectangle(4,6);
}
}
How to create a new Rectangle?
width height perimeter() Area()
4 6 20 24
public class Rectangle{
int width; public class Rectangle{
int height; int width;
instances Variable(state/attribute )
int height;
public Rectangle(int w,int h){ public Rectangle(int w,int h){
width=w; this.width=w;
this.height=h; this.height=h;
Constructor
} }
public int Area() { public int Area() {
return return this.height*this.width;
this.height*this.width; }
} public int perimeter() {
public int perimeter() { return (this.width+this.height)*2;
return }
(this.width+this.height)*2; public static void main(String[] argument){
instances methods/behavior
} Rectangle objRect1 = new Rectangle(4,6);
} System.out.println(objRect1.perimeter());
System.out.println(objRect1.Area());
}
}
How to create a new car?
Object vs Primitive

• Objects are structures that contain a state and behavior.

• The state contains information about the specific object.

 Car state : color, productionDate, new energy

• The behavior is the actions that can be performed on a specific object.

 Car behavior : Brake, accelerate, shift gear, self-driving

Class vs Object
• Classes are the templates you use for creating
public class car {
objects.
public String color;
private int productionDate;
private boolean isNewEnergy;

public String getColor() {

return color;
}

public int getProductionDate () {

return productionDate;
}

public car(String cColor, int productionDate, boolean

cIsNewEnergy) {
color = cColor;
productionDate = cSize;
isNewEnergy = cIsNewEnergy;
}
instancess

• Remember, an object is an instances of a class.

public class testCar {

public static void main(String[] arguments) {
car c1 = new car("Blue",2023,true);
car c1
car c2 = new car("Green",2024,true);
}
}
car c2
instancess
• Remember, an object is an instances of a class.

public class testCar {

public static void main(String[] arguments) {
car c1 = new car("Blue",2023,true);
car c1
car c2 = new car("Green",2024,true);
}
}
car c2
instances can call instances variable :instances. instances variable(c1.color)
instances can call instances method :instances. instances method(c1.getcolor())
Constructor
• The constructor is used to instantiate – create an
public class testCar {
instances of – an object. public static void main(String[]
arguments) {
public class car { car c1 = new car("Blue",2023,true);
private String color; car c2 = new
private int productionDate; car("Green",2024,true);
private boolean isNewEnergy; }
public String getColor() { }
return color;
}

public car(String cColor, int productionDate, boolean cIsNewEnergy) {

color = cColor;
productionDate = cSize;
isNewEnergy = cIsNewEnergy;
}
}
Constructor Overload
public class car {
private String color; public class testCar {
private int productionDate; public static void main(String[]
private boolean isNewEnergy; arguments) {
public car(){} car c = new car();
public car(String cColor, int productionDate) { car c1 = new car("Blue",2023);
color = cColor; car c2 = new
productionDate = cSize; car("Green",2024,true);
}
} }

public car(String cColor, int productionDate, boolean cIsNewEnergy) {

color = cColor;
productionDate = cSize;
isNewEnergy = cIsNewEnergy;
}
}
Methods
• Procedures that allow us to control and define the
behavior of an object.
public class car {
private String color;
private int productionDate;
private boolean isNewEnergy;

public String getColor() {

return color;
}
public int getProductionDate () {
return productionDate;
}
public car(String cColor, int productionDate, boolean
cIsNewEnergy) {
color = cColor;
productionDate = cSize;
isNewEnergy = cIsNewEnergy;
}
 Methods
• Procedures that allow us to control and define the
behavior of an object.
public class car {
type Name arguments

public String getColor(String color) {

Body return color;

}
Methods
public class car {
private String color;
private int productionDate;

public String getColor() {

return color;
}

public int getProductionDate () {

return productionDate;
} public static void main(String[] args)
} {
System.out.print(“Hello World”);
}
Calling a Void Method
Calling a Method
public class testCar {
public static void main(String[]
arguments) {
Rectangle r = new
Rectangle(20,20);
int area=r.getArea();
String rectangleInfo = r.toString();
Rectangle r1 = new
Rectangle(100,100);
System.out.println(r1.getArea());
System.out.println(r1.toString());
}
}
Calling a Method with Parameters(Pass By Value)
public class testCar {
class Rectangle{ public static void main(String[]
public int width;
arguments) {
public int height;
public Rectangle(int rectWidth, int rectHeight) { Rectangle r = new
width = rectWidth;
Rectangle(20,20);
height = rectHeight;
} r.setWidth(700);
public Rectangle(int sidelength) {
r.setRectangle(900,90);
width = sidelength;
height = sidelength; System.out.println(r1.width);
}
System.out.println(r1.height);
public void setWidth(int w){
width= w; Rectangle r1 = new
}
Rectangle(100);
public void setRectangle(int w,int h){
width= w; System.out.println(r1.width);
height=h;
System.out.println(r1.height);
}}
}
Calling a Method with Parameters(Pass By Value)
Calling a Method with Parameters(Pass By Value)
public class testCar {
class Rectangle{ public static void main(String[]
public int width; arguments) {
public int height;
public Rectangle(int rectWidth, int rectHeight) { Rectangle r1 = new
width = rectWidth; Rectangle(100);
height = rectHeight; change(r1);
} System.out.println(r1.height);
public Rectangle(int sidelength) { }
width = sidelength;
height = sidelength; private static void change(Rectangle
} r1) {
public void setWidth(int w){ r1.height=30;
width= w; }
}
public void setRectangle(int w,int h){ }
width= w;
height=h;
}}
String Objects: Concatenation, Literals & More

Introducing Strings:
A String is a sequence of characters.
For example, the famous "Hello World" is a String.

int number = 9;
double temperature = 36.6;
String str = "Hello World" ;

String str = new String("Hello"); // String

constructor
String Objects: Concatenation, Literals & More

Concatenating Strings
Concatenate is a fancy word for joining or linking two
things together.
You can do this in Java by using the addition operator, +,
String one = "Mc";
or +=.
String two = "Donald's";
String concatenate = one + two;
String Objects: Concatenation, Literals & More

Concatenating Strings with Primitive Data Types

You are not limited to concatenating strings with other
strings.
String str = "Mc";
int number = 24;
String newStr = str + number +
false;
// newStr = " Mc24false ";
String Objects: Concatenation, Literals & More

Escape Sequences

Escape Sequence Function Output

\" "\"Allows for quotations\"" "Allows for quotations “

\\ "Includes a backslash\\" Includes a

backslash\
\n "This creates \na line break" This creates
a line
break
\t "This adds a \ttab space" This adds a tab
space
String Methods

APIs, Libraries, and Documentation

String Methods

String Index Values

String str = "Hello World";
String Methods String Index Values

Index: 0 1 2 3 4 5
67
String BigGreeting = "Hi Jambo" ;
int len =
// int len = 8;
BigGreeting.length();
String name = // String name =
BigGreeting.substring(3,len); “Jambo”;
String name = // String name =
BigGreeting.substring(3,7); “Jamb”;
String name =
// String name = “Hi Jambo”;
BigGreeting.substring(0);
int index =
// int index = 1;
BigGreeting.indexOf("i");
int index =
// int index = -1;
BigGreeting.indexOf("c");
int index =
// int index = 3;
BigGreeting.indexOf("Jam");
boolean bool = BigGreeting.equals("hi
// boolean bool = false;
Jambo");
int com =BigGreeting.compareTo("Hi
// int com = 0;
Jambo");
String Methods String Index Values

Index: 0 1 2 3 4 5
67
String BigGreeting = "Hi Jambo" ;
int com =BigGreeting.compareTo("Hi
// int com = 0;
Jambo");
if string1 > string2, it returns positive number

if string1 < string2, it returns negative number

if string1 == string2, it returns 0
String Methods String Index Values
Wrapper Classes: Integers and Doubles

A wrapper class in Java is a class that contains or "wraps"

int number = 24;
primitive data types as an object.
Primitive Type Corresponding Wrapper Integer num = 25;
Class
boolean Boolean
int x = new Integer(number);
char Character
Integer z = new
int Integer Integer(number);
double Double int y = z. intValue();
Wrapper Class Methods Use

Integer.MIN_VALUE Returns the minimum possible int or Integer value(2^31-1) double varDbl = 15.3;
Integer.MAX_VALUE Returns the maximum possible int or Integer value(2^31) Double varDbl = 15.3;
varInt.intValue() Converts Integer value into an int value
double y = new Double(varDbl);
varDbl.doubleValue() Converts Double value into a double
value
Double x = new Double(varDbl);
double Num = x.doubleValue();
Autoboxing and Unboxing in Java
Autoboxing:
• Definition: Automatic conversion of primitive types to their corresponding wrapper classes.
• Example:
int num = 5;
Integer obj = num; // Autoboxing: int to Integer
• Usage: Occurs when a primitive value is passed to a method expecting an object or assigned to a
wrapper class variable.
Unboxing:
• Definition: Automatic conversion of wrapper class objects to their corresponding primitive types.
• Example:
Integer obj = 10;
int num = obj; // Unboxing: Integer to int
• Usage: Occurs when a wrapper class object is passed to a method expecting a primitive or
assigned to a primitive variable.
These processes simplify code by eliminating the need for manual conversion between primitives and
objects.
int number = 24;
Integer num = number; //Autoboxing: int to Integer Java's wrapper classes serve two
int x = new Integer(number); //Unboxing: Integer to int main purposes:
1.Object Conversion:
Integer z = new Integer(number); //create an Integer
object They convert primitive data types into
int y = z. intValue(); //Converts Integer value into an
int value objects. This is useful when an object
representation is required.
double var = 15.3;
2.Static Methods for Operations:
Double varDbl = var; //Autoboxing: double to Double They provide static methods for
double y = new Double(varDbl); //Unboxing: Integer to operations like converting strings to
double
numbers. These operations can be
Double x = new Double(varDbl); //create an Double performed without creating an
object
double Num = x.doubleValue(); Converts Double value
instance of the class.
into an double value
Using the Math Class

The Math class is a class that only contains static methods that are used
for specific purposes.

Method Use

Math.abs(x) Returns the absolute value of x. This can take either an int or a double.

Math.pow(base, exponent) Returns a double value of base raised to the power of exponent.

Math.sqrt(x) Returns the positive square root of x.(double value)

Math.random() Returns a double value greater than or equal to 0.0 and less than 1.0

int number = Math.abs(-89);

// |-89|=89
int number = Math.abs(-89);

// 9^(1/2))
double num = Math.sqrt(9);

// 9^3 = 9*9*9
double cubed = Math.pow(9, 3);

// Generate a random number[0,1)

double ranNum = Math.random();

// Generates random integers between 50 and 75 (not including 75)

[50,75)
int ranNumber = (int)(Math.random() * 25) + 50;

// Generates random integers between 50 and 75 ( including 75)

[50,75]