GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAIN

MANAGEMENT
BY
Prof. S. T. Kpelai
Dr . O. A. Olotu
Dr Amom Tor-Anyiin
Introduction to Supply Chain

Supply Chain Models

Supply Chain Management

Global Supply Chain Management

Intermediaries in Global Supply Chain

Global trends impacting Supply chain Strategies to
improve supply chain performance

Taxonomy for selecting GSC strategies

Challenges of GSCM

Global supply chain in a post pandemic era

Supply chain sustainability

Case study in GSCM

Conclusion
 Learning Outcome
At the end of this course, students will be able to:

 know what is Supply Chain

 appreciate the evolution of Global Supply Chain
Management
 understand global logistics and supply chains, as well
as
 apply such knowledge to the GSCM sustainability
towards achieving competitive advantage in
transnational supplies by organizations.
 Module One
Session 1: Introduction to Supply Chain

Learning objectives:
At the end of this session, students should be
able to:
 Define supply chain
 Know the various types of stakeholders in
supply chains
Appreciate the supply chain models and
Supply chain best practices
 What is supply chain?

There is no one best way to define Supply Chain but the

following definitions will suffice;
 A supply chain is the network of all the individuals,
organizations, resources, activities and technology involved in
the creation and sale of a product.

 A supply chain includes all the raw materials and parts that are
made into a product and distributed up the chain for
manufacture and sale.
 Definition continue
 A supply chain encompasses everything from
the delivery of source materials from the
supplier to the manufacturer through to its
eventual delivery to the end user. Example,
automobile (Car).
 A supply chain is made up of interconnected
parts of a whole, all of which add up to
finished products bought by customers.
 Stakeholders in Supply Chain
producers, which make or grow the raw
materials for goods;
vendors, which buy and sell materials;
manufacturers, which make materials into
goods;
transporters, or logistics providers, which
move those goods around the world;
supply chain managers, which ensure that
operations run smoothly in everything from
planning to sourcing raw materials,
manufacturing, delivery, and returns;
retailers, which sell goods either online or in
physical stores;
consumers, who buy and use those goods and
services
 Steps in the supply chain

The fundamental steps of a supply chain in

order are as follows:
 Sourcing raw materials
 Refining those materials into basic parts
 Combining those basic parts to create a
product
 Order fulfillment/Sales
 Product delivery
 Customer support and return services
 NOTE
 Lead Time: The amount of time it takes
any one of these processes from start to
completion
 Supply chain managers: those who monitor
lead time and coordinate the processes in
each step to maximize customer satisfaction.
 Supply Chain Models

 Continuous flow model

Agile model

Fast chain model

Custom configured model

Efficient chain model

 Supply chain models

Setting up and managing a global supply chain is a

complicated process, and choosing the incorrect supply
chain architecture can expose an organization to risks and
interruptions, drive up costs, and even jeopardize its
reputation.
The models have two main focuses: responsiveness and
efficiency.
Continuous flow model - Constant flow of resources, goods,
stability in supply/demand and it’s centered on productivity.
Agile model -- deal with specialist goods, where products
may need extra care in the supply chain (process alignment,
virtual integration, a network base, and market sensitivity).
works best for industries with unpredictable demand and
products that are made to order.
Fast chain model -- works best for products
with a short lifecycle, such as fashion items.
Flexible model -- works best for industries
with a level of stability and a few relatively
predictable demand peaks.
Custom configured model -- focuses on
customizing.
Efficient chain model -- works best for highly
competitive markets in which pricing plays a
large part.
Components of supply chain Models
 CLASS ACTIVITIES
Identify a product that fits each of these Supply Chain Models
 Session Two: Supply Chain
Management
Learning objectives:
At the end of this session, students should be
able to:
 define supply chain management
state the components of SCM
 know the roles of SCM
Identify the importance of SCM
 Define SCM
 Supply chain management is the handling of
the entire process of turning raw materials
into a final product.

Supply chain management involves a network

of suppliers connected via a centralized
management process.
The processes of Supply Chain Management
spans warehousing, transportation and
logistics management, demand management,
and strategic sourcing.
Five components of traditional Supply Chain Management Systems
1) Planning
Plan and manage all resources required to meet customer demand for a company’s product or
service. The supply chain is must be seen to be efficient, effective, delivers value and meets
goals.
2) Sourcing raw materials
Choose right suppliers, establish processes to monitor and manage supplier relationships. Key
processes include: ordering, receiving, managing inventory and authorizing supplier
payments.
3) Manufacturing
Organize the activities required to accept raw materials, manufacture the product, test for
quality, package for shipping and schedule for delivery.
4) Delivery and Logistics
Coordinate customer orders, schedule deliveries, dispatch loads, invoice customers and
receive payments.
5) Returning
Create a network or process to take back defective, excess or unwanted products.
Supply Chain Management Software
 Functions of SCMS
• Processing Customer Requirements: SCMS can help in checking for
raw material availability, product manufacturing, and passing the
product to the logistics team. The software can track the entire
process, and ensure that the product is delivered on time.
• Inventory Management: In warehouses, the quantity of stocked
goods. support inventory such as asset management, replenishment
lead time, and future inventory and price forecasting.
• Purchase Order Processing: It reduces time and effort needed to
generate and manage purchase orders.
• Supplier Relationship Management: to assess the supplier’s assets
and capabilities and compare them with the organization’s business
strategy.
• Warehouse Management: quick process transactions such as
picking, placing, receiving, and shipping.
 Features of effective Supply Chain Management

Connected: access unstructured and structured data ,

as well as traditional data sets available through
traditional B2B integration tools.
Collaborative: cloud-based commerce networks to
enable multi-enterprise collaboration and engagement.
Cyber-aware: prevent hackers
Cognitively enabled: The AI platform becomes the
modern supply chain's control tower by collating,
coordinating and conducting decisions and actions
across the chain.
Comprehensive: Analytics capabilities must be scaled
with data in real time. Insights will be comprehensive
and fast.
 Entities involved in Supply Chain
Management
Materials processors
Manufacturers/producers
Vendors
Warehouses
Transportation companies
Distribution centers
Retailers
In considering what SCM is, we highlight other
business functions that impact or are affected
by the supply chain.

 Product development
 Marketing
 Operations
 Distribution
 Finance
 Customer service
 Importance of Supply Chain Management
• effective supply chain streamlines the process of
getting products to market, and ultimately to
consumers
• SCM help improve living standards by enabling
consumers to buy essential products at lower costs
• Effective supply chain management systems minimize
cost, waste and time in the production cycle.
• SCM enhanced customer satisfaction, increased
flexibility and agility, risk management, and
sustainability
• Infrastructural Development and job creation
CLASS ACTIVITIES
 MODULE TWO

GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT

 Session Three: Concept of Global
Supply Chain Management (GSCM)

Learning objectives:
At the end of this session, students should be
able to:
 define Globalization
 know the influence of globalization on supply
chain
 Understanding the Global Supply Chains
 know the role of technology in GSCM
What is Globalization
https://youtu.be/JJ0nFD19eT8?si=ImLvCIipH0Ijp0yM
Globalization is however defined as, “The
interdependence of economies globally that
results from the growing volume and variety
of international transactions in goods,
services, and capital, and also from the spread
of new technology.”
Globalization and Supply Chain
Globalization trade offers companies the
opportunity to reach new customers in new
markets, which dramatically upsets how
manufacturers need to operate to be successful.
A global supply chain covers all the steps involved
in manufacturing and delivering a product or
service when those steps take place in more than
one country.
Globalization and supply chain management
influence each other.
https://youtu.be/JJ0nFD19eT8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-R5SAPyMZY
 Global supply chain management (GSCM)

Definitions:
Global supply-chain management is defined
as the distribution of goods and services
throughout a trans-national companies' global
network to maximize profit and minimize
waste.
Global supply chain management (GSCM) is a
strategic management process that involves
managing the flow of materials, information,
and people across multiple locations to
produce items for global markets.
 According to the global supply chain
definition, “The global supply chain focuses
on the global business, and it applies to firms
who are increasingly focused on both
domestic and global markets”.

 There is a discussion surrounding

globalization and its effects on business, and
there is no doubt that supply chain
competitors are increasingly going head to
head on a worldwide playing field.
Author and journalist Tom Friedman said “the
world is flat” meaning “Connected”.
He pointed to supply chains as one of the
factors making the world “flat.”
He posits that the lowering of trade and political
barriers as well as the incredible technological
advances of the digital revolution have made it
possible to do business and communicate nearly
instantaneously with millions around the globe.
Understanding the Global Supply Chains
supply chain competitors are increasingly going
head to head on a worldwide playing field.
Competing in supply networks that cross
borders add a set of problems when compared
to doing business in one market where
competitors play by the same rules, invoice
and pay in the same currency, communicate in
the same language, and pay roughly the same
rates for labor, supplies, and raw materials.
Trade has been international since the invention of
the ocean-going vessel, if not since the onset of the
camel caravan or the roaming of nomadic tribes.
Moreover, there is more effort being made now to
normalize cross-border trading than ever before,
with international rule-making bodies and regional
trade agreements.
But the speed at which the game is played has
increased exponentially in this age of the Internet,
jets, and nearly instantaneous global connectivity.
 It is now possible to place manufacturing
outside one’s home country if local costs and
conditions would be profitable.
Assembly can be done many kilometers away from
the manufacture of components to fit the
specifications of regional markets.
purchasing can compare the prices for source
materials around the globe.
Goods can be shipped to warehouses by transport
specialists for whom the whole world is home.
 International commerce takes place
between an exporter (the seller) and an
importer (the buyer or customer).

A number of intermediaries may perform one

or more specialized services before the items
are sold in one country arrive at the
customer’s dock in another.
 Technology and Global Supply Chain
Software

Technology has revolutionized supply chain

management by automating processes,
improving visibility, enabling real-time data
analysis, enhancing communication, and
optimizing decision-making.
with global positioning, bar coding, and
satellite communications, every item on board
every ship or plane can be tracked every
minute of the day or night.
Computer software coordinates transportation
using multiple carriers and multiple modes. And
computer optimization models crunch the
numbers on all sorts of international variables to
guide warehouse site selection.
Automation, computerization, and electronic
information technology all work together to keep
tighter control on costs, reduce lead times, and
make international supply chains an inevitable
fact of competitive life.
 Top Supply Chain Technology for the Future

1. The Internet
2. 5G and Starlink
3. Blockchains for Supply Chains
4. AI and Machine Learning
5. Automation and Robots
6. Digital Supply Chain Twin
7. Product Lifecycle Management (PLM)
Software
CLASS ACTIVITY
 Session Four: Intermediaries Involved in Global Supply Chains

Learning objectives:
At the end of this session, students should be
able to:
 identify intermediaries in Global Supply
Chains
 understand their roles and responsibilities
 differentiate between forwarders and
NVOCCS:
 Intermediaries Involved in Global Supply Chains

Intermediaries who assist in getting cargo across borders and

through customs in global supply chain management.
 Freight forwarders.
 Non-vessel operating common carriers (NVOCCs).
 Consolidators.
 Customs house brokers.
 Export management companies (EMCs) and export trading
companies (ETCs).
 Shipping associations.
 Shipbrokers and ship agents.
 Export packing companies.
 1. Freight forwarders
 A freight forwarder is defined as “the ‘middle
man between the carrier and the organization
shipping the product, often combining smaller
shipments to take advantage of lower bulk costs.”
 A foreign freight forwarder is “an entity that picks
up goods at the production site and coordinates
transport to the foreign customer’s location.”
They are, instead, independent agents, regulated
in the United States by the Federal Maritime
Commission.
 RESPONSIBILITIES OF FORWARDERS:

 Quoting carrier rates.

 Arranging charters or booking vessel space.
 Preparing and presenting documents.
 Obtaining insurance.
 Handling payments.
 Translating.
 Tracing and expediting shipments.
 Arranging inland transportation.
 2. LICENCING AND CERTIFICATIONS

• Forwarders must be licensed by the government

but do not require certification by “Certified
ocean forwarder”

• Airfreight forwarders may be either independent

contractors or affiliated with a single air carrier.
They require neither licensing nor certification.
• Competition comes from the shippers, small
carriers (FEDEX, UPS) and forwarders
 3. What is NVOCCs:

Non-vessel Operating Common Carrier (NVOCC)

 A common carrier is “transportation available to the
public [that] does not provide special treatment to
any one party and is regulated as to the rates charged,
the liability assumed, and the service provided.
 NVOCCs handle only the part of the shipment
traveling from a port to the importer’s dock or from
an exporter’s dock to a port.
 In global supply chain management (NVOCC) buys
space on inland carriers and resells it to shippers at a
marked-up price.
 ORIGIN OF NVOCCs:

 NVOCCs originated in the United States in the 1970s

as a cost-effective alternative to carriers.
 At the time, trains and trucks often returned to port
empty after unloading cargo at inland destinations
and charged the shipper for both halves of the round
trip.
 The NVOCCs were able to solve the problem by
finding cargo for the return trips to the port.
 They scout for customers and also provide container
service for trips to and from foreign ports.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FORWARDERS AND NVOCCs:

NVOCCs can be distinguished from forwarders in three ways:

 NVOCCs actually buy and resell space on carriers
while forwarders do not.
 NVOCCs perform the physical work of consolidating,
loading, and unloading cargo (using non-union
labor to undercut the rates charged by carriers).
Forwarders do not provide labor.
 NVOCCs can handle the freight in many cases, such
as shipping by a motor freight carrier from one
point to another.
 4. Consilidator

• Consolidator is a transportation company

that arranges for goods sent by different
companies to be stored and transported together.

• Intermediaries known as consolidators gather

together goods or packages from a variety of
customers and load them all into the container.
 Responsibilities of Consolidators:

 The consolidator, when dealing in GSCM, combines small

shipments into larger ones to qualify for full vehicle
discounts.
 Generally, this service is provided to fill containers for
intermodal shipments, such as turnarounds carrying
cargo between an inland warehouse and a port.
 Consolidators are distinct from NVOCCs, but they may
work under them.
 A consolidator that is not affiliated with an NVOCC,
contract with a forwarder or a carrier to arrange the
transportation.
 5. Customs House Brokers

• A Customhouse broker (customs broker), is an

entity (a person or a firm) who helps
importers and exporters adhere to the rules
and regulations of the government, enabling
them to trade between countries.
 Responsibilities of CHB
Trade rules change, and getting
acquainted with them is critical.
They also helps the client with the entry
processes and admissibility requirements.
Get and manage all the legal documents
pertaining to your goods. This include
papers relating to the country of origin
and destination, intent of use of goods,
permissions, routes, etc.
 help his client navigate through the different
excises and regulations that surround their goods,
due to differences in tax and duties.
 Customhouse brokers help manage payments to
reduce costs
 They help to facilitate logistics, storage, and
distribution
 They give you invaluable advice
These days, the information required to clear customs passes through
computer interfaces, such as the Automated Broker Interface System in the
United States and the Pre-Arrival Review System (PARS) in Canada.
6. Export Management Companies (EMCs)

When companies want to expand from

domestic to foreign markets, they may turn for
assistance to foreign trade specialists in either
export management companies (EMCs) or
export trading companies (ETCs) rather than
adding internal expertise.
An export management company is a firm that
facilitates the distribution of other firm's goods
to overseas markets.
operates as an export sales agent or exclusive
distributor for non-competing manufacturers.
The EMC is generally not an exporter itself but
rather a consultant to the exporters that hire it.
The ETC, on the other hand, is itself an exporter
rather than a consultant to an exporter.
 Responsibilities
responsible for the outbound shipment of
goods from the country of origin to
the destination country.
acts as an extension of the manufacturer,
assuming many of the responsibilities and
risks associated with exporting.
acquire representation in a particular market
where the EMC has special knowledge and
connections.
help manufacturers identify new markets and
customers for their products.
they assume many of the risks and
responsibilities associated with exporting,
EMCs may also buy the exporter’s goods and
resell them in the foreign market (in the
manner of an ETC)
 they act as a firm’s long-term consulting
partner
 7. Export Trading Companies (ETCs)

 An export trading company is an

independent company that provides support
services for firms engaged in exporting. This
may include warehousing, shipping, insuring,
and billing on behalf of the client.
 they also handle the legal requirements
involved throughout the exporting process for
various goods.
 Responsibilities

Locating importers to buy the goods.

Overseeing export arrangements.
Preparing and presenting documentation.
Arranging transportation overseas and inland.
Complying with regulations.
 Differences between EMT and ETC

EMT ETC
 handle more of the  process/logistics of moving
marketing duties. and storing products.
 act as a firm’s long-term  buy the exporter’s goods
consulting partner and resell them in the
 deal only with exports foreign market
 while EMCs operate more  deal with both exports and
on the basis imports,
of supply.  operate more on the basis
of demand,
 GENERAL TRADING COMPANIES:

 More expansively structured ETCs are known as general trading

companies.
 These entities may comprise banks, steamship lines, warehouses,
insurance services, a communications network, and a sales force.
 Japan’s success in international trade has been facilitated by such
general trading companies, known in Japan as “sogo shosha.”
 These enormous conglomerates are some of the world’s highest
revenue generators, including familiar names such as Mitsui and
Mitsubishi. With offices in over 100 countries, the sogo shosha
handles more than three-fifths of Japan’s imports and over one-
third of its exports.
 Other countries with very large general trading companies
include Germany, South Korea, China, and the Netherlands.
 8. Shipping Associations
Define:
Shippers’ Associations are anti-trust protected,
nonprofit, cooperatives that negotiate and manage
transportation services on behalf of its member
shippers with motor carriers, railroads, ocean
carriers, air carriers, and other transportation
service providers.
 Smaller exporters band together in shipping
associations in an effort to qualify for the rate
discounts that carriers offer to larger shippers.
 Since deregulation, carriers and larger shippers
have been able to sign confidential rate
agreements.
 In response, smaller shippers have formed shipping
associations—usually nonprofit organizations—to
negotiate with carriers on the same terms as larger
shipping firms.
 Responsibilities
 Aggregating volumes across all of its members
to negotiate competitive volume discounts
with carriers on behalf of its members.
 Facilitating collaboration and information
sharing across its member shippers.
 Providing other transportation management
and administrative services as required by its
members
 9. Ship Brokers and Ship Agents
• Shipbrokers and ship agents assist exporters
with the details of arranging ocean transport.
• A ship broker is an independent operator that
brings exporters and ship operators to carry
the shipper’s freight.
• Supply necessary information on the
availability and schedules of vessels.
 10. Export Packing Companies

• Export packing companies provide the

specialized packaging services required for
cargo that may have to undergo long journeys
and pass customs inspections in another
country.
• Hiring a specialist in export packaging provides
three advantages for a shipper:
 choosing the most appropriate materials,
 can expedite the movement of cargo through
customs.
 provide adequate protection with the least
bulk and weight
EPC helps freighters survive the rough handling
and adverse changes in climate
CLASS ACTIVITIES
 Module 5
Taxonomy of Supply Chain Strategies
Learning objectives:
At the end of this session, students should be
able to:
 understand What is Taxonomy
 identify the strategies of taxonomy
 analyze the demand/supply matrix
 identify organizations who have adopted
certain strategy
 TAXONOMY OF SUPPLY CHAIN STRATEGIES

 This is a detailed theoretical framework for

any strategy-related research in the field of
supply chain management.

Any organization while selecting the supply

chain strategy does a careful analysis of the
demand/supply characteristics of different
products/markets served by the organization.
Basis for a taxonomy of appropriate SC
strategies
 Uses both predictability of demand for products and
replenishment lead times.
SUPPLY DEMAND RESULTING Remarks
CHARACTERISTICS STRATEGIES

Short lead time + Lean, continuous Procter & Gamble Use

Predictable demand replenishment point-of-sale data to
replenish Walmart store

Short lead time + Agile, quick response Zara developed new product and
Unpredictable demand within just two weeks
Daily accurate data & inventory
system

Long lead time + Lean, planning, and UK-based retailer Woolworths

Predictable demand execution supplies Xmas trees with early
preparation

Long lead time + Leagile Carry inventory in some generic

Unpredictable demand production/logistics form and assemble/configure
them as and when required
postponement
HP, supplies parts to be coupled at
request
CLASS ACTIVITY
 Module 6
Supply Chain Sustainability

Learning objectives:
At the end of this session, students should be
able to:
 understand sustainability
 know what is supply chain sustainability
 identify the three pillars of sustainability
 improve supply chain sustainability
 Justification
The global supply chain has connected customers
with products and services across the world, but
it has also had a dramatic effect on the
environment.
The effect supply chains have on the environment
cannot be understated, accounting for more than
80% of a consumer company’s emissions.
Concern over climate change is increasingly
mainstream
59 percent of consumers say climate change is
impacting their local communities, and 31 percent
say it affects them personally.
As a result, more and more organizations are
looking to make their supply chains more
sustainable.
sustainability is becoming less of a nice-to-have
and more of a need-to-have for businesses as such,
Building sustainability into a firm’s supply chain can
reduce its impact and deliver concrete benefits to
the organization.
 Sustainability
sustainability refers to a framework for
decision-making that considers the economic,
social and environmental consequences of the
decisions in question.
Sustainability provides the context, or
guidelines, to make decisions about resource
use with a focus on long-term viability rather
than just immediate risks, benefits and costs.
 sustainable supply chain

A sustainable supply chain tries to transmit

goods as cheaply and quickly as possible to
the upstream supply chain or end customers
while reducing or eliminating negative
environmental and social impacts.
A sustainable supply chain is the result of a
holistic application of environmental, social,
economic, and legal concerns to the entire
supply chain.
 Factors to be considered by Supply Chain Manager
are:
 waste
 carbon emissions and carbon footprints
 labour conditions
 health and safety
 worker exploitation
 Three pillars of sustainable supply chain

•Sustainable
Development

• Economic
Sustainability
• Social
Progress
• Environmenta
l Balance
 1. Economic/Financial sustainability

 A company with a sustainable supply chain

should be able to deliver a satisfying income
to all of its stakeholders, owners, investors,
and employees.

It also includes compliance with financial laws

and regulations, financial planning, risk
management, and insurance coverage.
 2. Environmental sustainability

 Release as few Green House Gases (GHG) as possible. Scope 2

& 3 emissions which constitute 80% of GHG emissions for
consumer products firms.
 Because the global population and GDP are both increasing,
total consumption is also increasing. Thus, sustainable supply
chains are a powerful tool for reducing our carbon footprint.
 Environmental responsibility involves protecting the
environment from the potential harm caused by a business’
operations, its suppliers, and its partners.
 By having a firm understanding of this, businesses need to
take action to reduce their environmental impact and to
adhere to the relevant environmental obligations and laws.
 3. Social sustainability

 A sustainable supply chain respects human

rights (moral, ethical, and philanthropic
expectations) through the value chain.
 A responsible firm works with companies that
do not use child or forced labor, fairly treated,
in line with human rights laws and labour
laws.
This might lead to brand image distortions.
 How to build a sustainable supply chain

1. Identify sustainability issues within the supply

chain
2. Adopt a circular supply chain
3. Fuel consumption
4. Eliminate dead mileage
5. Engage suppliers- Third party (ISO 14001)
 Make sustainability a regular part of your conversations
 Increase business
 Provide recognition and awards
 Share the costs of sustainability improvements
CLASS ACTIVITY
 Module 7
Challenges facing GSCM
Learning objectives:
At the end of this session, students should be
able to:
 identify challenges facing GSCM
 know the means of mitigating these
challenges
 adopt and applied the global best practices in
GSCM
Globalization has undoubtedly brought
numerous benefits to supply chain
management, but it also presents several
significant challenges that businesses must
address to succeed in the global marketplace.
 Challenges of GCSM
1. Complex Supply Chain Networks: (Intricate networks with
multiple suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors spread across different countries can be

challenging. Communication, coordination, and control become more difficult)

2. Increased Risk Exposure: (Geopolitical instability, natural disasters, trade

conflicts, and economic downturns in different regions. Disruptions in one part of the world can have
cascading effects throughout the supply chain, leading to delays, shortages, and increased costs.

3. Regulatory and Compliance Issues: (Operating in multiple

countries means navigating diverse regulatory environments and compliance requirements (trade
policies, customs regulations, and product standards).

4. Cultural and Language Barriers: Cultural differences may affect

business practices, negotiation styles, and decision-making processes.
 Challenges of GCSM continues
5. Transportation and Logistics Complexity:
(Transportation routes, appropriate modes of transport, and address
potential delays caused by customs clearance)

6. Inventory Management: (With dispersed supply chain

networks, multiple locations, demand fluctuation, costs due to Excessive or
insufficient inventory)

7. Security and Intellectual Property Concerns:

(security breaches and intellectual property theft, risk of counterfeit products)

8. Environmental and Social Responsibility:

(sustainable sourcing, reducing carbon footprints, and promoting ethical labor
practices)
 Challenges of GCSM continues
9. Exchange Rate Fluctuations and Financial Risks:
(Impact cost of imports and exports, affect profitability, and create financial risks)

10. Talent and Skill Shortages: (Talent with cross-cultural competencies,

language skills, and experience)

11. Digital transformation: ( Technologies like IoT, AI, drones, and robotics)

12. Lack of data and insights: (Lack of data and insights)

13. Compliance with International Regulations:

(Complying with the International Regulations can be a daunting process as the Quality Standards,
Import & Export restrictions, Packing & Labelling regulations vary across the globe.
 Conclusion

Regular investment is needed in your Supply

Chain Analytics for smooth Supply Chain
Management. Companies that are looking to
expand globally, need to stay proactive and
take on the challenges in the smartest way
possible.
THANK YOU