Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1/ 25
HS834:
Neurology part 1 Recorded lecture Analisa Marie Pais ap21904@essex.ac.uk
With Thanks to María P. Miranda Rivera Session outline
• Organization • Central nervous system • Peripheral nervous system Central nervous system (CNS) Central nervous system (CNS) • Brain and spinal cord • Neural tissue— - Communicating tissue (Neurons) - Supportive tissue (Glial cells) • Protected by supporting connective tissue • Have complex blood supply • Brain = “central station” • Integrates, processes and coordinates sensory data from sense receptors throughout the body* • Initiates and controls motor action • Meninges – surrounds and protects brain and spinal cord
(Rouse, 2020, p. 36, fig 2-11)
Brain Fissure
• Centre for higher mental functions
• Cerebrum
• Hemispheres (Left and Right)
• Subdivided into lobes • Corpus callosum
• Cortex: outer surface of hemispheres
• Gyrus • Sulcus • Fissure
(Mayfield Brain and Spine, 2018) (Mayfield Brain and Spine, 2018) Cortex Lobes of the brain and their subsections • Frontal lobe: • Cognitive functions, speech, expressive language
• Parietal lobe: • Touch perception and interpretation
• Temporal lobe: • Receptive language and long-term memory
• Occipital lobe: • Visual perception and interpretation (Mayfield Brain and Spine, 2018)
(Rouse, 2020) Frontal lobe • Primary motor cortex • Directs voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
• Supplementary motor cortex
• Motor planning of speech
• Broca’s area (Inferior frontal gyrus)
• Paul Broca • Controls movements involved in speech production Clinical note: •Broca’s aphasia •Apraxia of speech Parietal lobe • Primary somatosensory (sensory) cortex • Receives and perceives sensory information from the body • touch, pressure, pain, vibration, temperature, taste
• Supramarginal gyrus • Phonological processing for speech • Conditions: • Conduction aphasia • Angular gyrus • Role in written comprehension • Agraphia Clinical note: • Reading, writing, naming difficulties Occipital lobe • Primarily concerned with vision • Lt visual field -> Rt visual cortex • Rt visual field -> Lt visual cortex
• Processes acoustic signals the brain interprets as sound, speech, music
• Wernicke’s area (Broadman area 22)
• Carl Wernicke • Comprehension of spoken and written language Clinical note: •Wernicke’s aphasia https://www.dailynews.lk/2021/04/27/features/247558/role-brain-perception-and-production-language Functional anatomy
Primary motor cortex - The
surface of the precentral gyrus forms the primary motor cortex. The neurons of the motor cortex direct voluntary movements by controlling the motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord and so effecting voluntary muscle contraction and body movement. Primary sensory cortex- The surface of the postcentral gyrus forms the primary sensory cortex. Neurons in this region receive sensory information about touch, pressure, pain, vibration, temperature and taste. Coronal view of the left primary Coronal view of the left primary motor cortex and homunculus sensory cortex and homunculus
(Rouse, 2020, p. 183, fig 8-11) (Rouse, 2020, p. 184, fig 8-13) What do these images tell us with regard to the neurological control of swallowing? Functional anatomy
Association areas Somatic sensory- This monitors activity in the primary motor cortex and is involved in the recognition of information about touch.
Visual association area- Monitors patterns of
activity in the visual cortex and interprets the results.
Auditory association- Monitors sensory
information in the auditory cortex
Somatic motor association area- This is
responsible for the coordination of learned movements
The sensory and motor regions are connected to
association areas. These interpret incoming data or coordinate a motor response. The senses of smell, sight and hearing involve separate areas of the sensory cortex and each have their own association area. Diencephalon • Thalamus • Sensory information • Motor impulses • Consciousness and alertness
• Hypothalamus • “Linker and regulator” (Rouse, 2020, p. 133, fig 6-13)
• Subthalamus • Epithalamus • Optic Tract • Third Ventricle (Rouse, 2020, p. 137, fig 6-6) Cerebellum • “Little brain” • Second largest brain region • Composed of two hemispheres (hidden by cerebellar cortex) • Coordination of movement, precision and accurate timing • Balance and equilibrium, posture (Rouse, 2020, p. 124, fig 5-35)
• Rapid and precise movements involved
for speech Clinical note: • Ataxia • Ataxic dysarthria • Hypotonia Brainstem • Third major division of the brain • Connects spinal cord with brain • Midbrain (mesencephalon) • Motor and sensory functions: postural and visual reflexes, eye movements • Pons (metencephalon) • Transmits movement information from cerebral hemispheres to cerebellum (Rouse, 2020, p. 107, fig 5-14)
• Medulla (myelencephalon) • Centres that control automatic bodily functions • Very important for speech control
• Fourth Ventricle (Posterior to the Brainstem and
anterior to the cerebellum) Clinical note: • Locked-in-syndrome (Physiology Plus, 2017) Ventricles • 4 cavities within the brain • Each hemisphere has a large lateral ventricle • Remnants of the embryonic neural tube • Production, transport and removal of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) • Lubricates the CNS (brain and spinal cord) • Protects brain against trauma Cranial meninges • 3 layers of protective tissue • Dura mater • Arachnoid mater • Pia mater
Clinical note: • Meningitis Spinal cord • Contained within the vertebral column • Sensory and motor fibres within, transmit information about movement, senses, reflexes • Organized into 5 sections • Spinal nerves, emerge from spinal cord • Surrounded and protected by meninges
(Rouse, 2020, p. 94, fig 5-1)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Major divisions of the PNS References 1 • J. Anthony Seikel, David G. Drumright, & Daniel J. Hudock. (2021). Anatomy & Physiology for Speech, Language, and Hearing, Sixth Edition: Vol. Sixth edition. Plural Publishing, Inc. • Mayfield Brain & Spine (2018) Anatomy of the brain Available at: https://mayfieldclinic.com/pe-anatbrain.htm • Rouse, MH (2020) Neuroanatomy for speech-language pathology and audiology Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning • Physiology Plus (2017) Brainstem Available at: http://physiologyplus.com/brainstem/ • Peate, I and Nair, M (2017) Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology: For nursing and healthcare students Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd
