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Chapter 1 Numeration System

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100 views21 pages

Chapter 1 Numeration System

Uploaded by

maryrose.vdelossantos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 1

NUMERATION
SYSTEM
The Roman Numeration System is one of the ancient
numeration systems which is still used today. Probably
you have seen the Roman numerals as used in
numbering chapters and units of books, face of wrist
watches, etc. likewise the Hindu-Arabic numeration
system is our present system of numeration. We see
the use of this numeration system everyday.
NUMBERS AND NUMERALS
A number is a count or measurement, that is really an
idea in our minds.

We write or talk about numbers using numerals such as


“4” or “four”. But we could also hold up 4 fingers, or
tap the ground 4 times.

A numeral is a symbol or name that stands for a


number.
ROMAN NUMERATION SYSTEM
The Roman numeration system uses seven capital letters of
the English alphabet as their numerals. Below are the
Roman numerals and its equivalent in the Hindu-Arabic
numeration system. The Roman Numerals are:
I for One
V for Five
X for Ten
L for Fifty
C for Hundred
D for Five Hundred
M for One Thousand
The Roman numeration system has the following
characteristics:
1. It is repetitive. This means that the Roman numerals
can be repeated three times at most.

Examples: III = 3
XX = 20
CC = 200
2. It is generally additive. The number 20 when written
in the Roman numeration system is represented as XX
which is the same as 10 + 10 = 20 because of its
additive principle. A symbol of greater value preceding
a numeral of lesser value indicates addition.

Examples: XXX = 10 + 10 + 10 = 30
VI = 5 + 1 = 6
XII = 10 + 1 + 1 = 12
LX = 50 + 10 = 60
3. By order of its symbols, it has a subtraction principle.
A symbol of lesser value preceding a numeral of greater
value indicates subtraction.

Examples: IV = 5 – 1 = 4
IX = 10 - 1 = 9
XL = 50 – 10 = 40
XC = 100 – 10 = 90
4. For expressing larger numbers, it has a multiplicative
principle. A bar drawn over a numeral, multiplies the
number by 1, 000. two bars over a numeral multiply the
number by 1, 000, 000.

Examples:
5. It has the symbols I, V, L, C, D, M and the bar.
Let’s try
Write the following in Roman numerals:
1. 79
2. 247
3. 1988
4. 5050
HINDU-ARABIC NUMERATION SYSTEM

Scholars led to believe that the present day


symbols are of Hindu-Arabic origin. In 711 A.D.,
when the Arabs or the Moors invaded Spain
from North America, they introduced new ideas
and methods. Among them was the method of
writing numbers which they learned from the
Hindus. It took several years before their
number symbols developed into the present
symbols as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 0.
The symbol for “zero” was discovered much
later. Zero is taken to be number and it is used
as a place holder in our present system of
numeration. As early as the 8th century, the
Arabs brought the system to Europe. The Hindu-
Arabic system was widely used during the 16th
century. From that time up to the present, we
use the Hindu-Arabic numeration system in our
computations.
Characteristics of the Hindu-Arabic Numeration
System:
1. It is additive. This means that the value of any
number is equal to the sum of its parts.

Examples: 527 = 500 + 20 + 7


1278 = 1000 + 200 + 70 + 8
2. It has a place value. The principle of place
value means that the value of the digit in a given
number depends on its position or place in the
number. Each digit represent ten times as much
as it would in the next place to the left. It is for
the reason that the Hindu-Arabic numeration
system is called decimal system.
3. It uses the power of 10.
4. It uses ten digits or symbols such as 0, 1, 2, 3 ,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and we can form numbers using
these symbols.
Let’s try
Write the following Roman numerals into Hindu –
Arabic numerals:
1. MMXX
2. CDXCVII
3. MDCCCXC
4. XD
EXERCISES:
1. Write the following Roman numerals in
Hindu-Arabic form:
a. XLIX
b. XX
c. DXLIV
d. MCCCXXVII
e. CXXII
EXERCISES:
2. Write the following in Roman numerals:
a. 46
b. 89
c. 559
d. 14,961
e. 65,057
EXERCISES:
3. Express each number in words.
a. 67, 002, 897
b. 563, 905
c. 54, 470, 021
4. Write in expanded and polynomial forms
using the number in number 3.

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