Transactional Functional Type

Form of Processing Logic EI EO EQ

1. Validations are performed c c c
2. Mathematical Formula and calculations are c m* n
performed
3. Equivalent Values are converted c c c
4. Data is filtered and selected by using c c c
specified criteria to compare multiple sets of
data.
5. Conditions are analyzed to determine which c c c
are applicable
6. At least one ILF is updated m* m* n
7. At least one ILF or EIF is referenced c c m
8. Data or control information is retrieved c c m
9. Derived data is created c m* n
10. Behavior of system is altered m* m* n
11. Prepare and present information outside the c m m
boundary
12. Capability to accept data or control m* c c
information that enters the application
boundary
13. Resorting or rearranging a set of data c c c
Data Functions: EIs, EOs
and EQs
• External Inputs
• External Outputs
• External Inquiry
Data Functions: EIs, EOs
and EQs
• External Inputs
– An external input (EI) is an
elementary process that processes
data or control information that
comes from outside the application
boundary. The primary intent of an
EI is to maintain one or more ILFs
and/or to alter the behavior of the
system.
Data Functions: EIs, EOs
and Eqs
• External Outputs
– An external output (EO) is an
elementary process that sends data
or control information outside the
application boundary. The primary
intent of an external output is to
present information to a user through
processing logic
Data Functions: EIs, EOs
and EQs
• External Inquiry
– An external inquiry (EQ) is an
elementary process that sends data
or control information outside the
application boundary. The primary
intent of an external inquiry is to
present information to a user through
the retrieval of data
Data Functions: EIs, EOs
and EQs

Transactional Function Type

Function EI EO EQ
Alter the behavior of the system PI M N/A
Maintain one or more ILFs PI M N/A
Present information to a user M PI PI
 Transactional Functional Type
Form of Processing Logic EI EO EQ
1. Validations are performed c c c
2. Mathematical Formula and calculations are c m* n
performed
3. Equivalent Values are converted c c c
4. Data is filtered and selected by using c c c
specified criteria to compare multiple sets of
data.
5. Conditions are analyzed to determine which c c c
are applicable
6. At least one ILF is updated m* m* n
7. At least one ILF or EIF is referenced c c m
8. Data or control information is retrieved c c m
9. Derived data is created c m* n
10. Behavior of system is altered m* m* n
11. Prepare and present information outside the c m m
boundary
12. Capability to accept data or control m* c c
information that enters the application
boundary
13. Resorting or rearranging a set of data c c c
What to Show?
Software Engineering

Lecture #8

Fakhar Lodhi
Recap
State Transition
Diagram
 Refer, Transfer
Create
* Disabled
Reject
Approve + open
Queued Open/active

Defer Clear
Cancel
Release Re-open

Deferred Cancel Cleared

Cancel
Close

Closed

Delete (Explicit or scheduled)

T0723960-95/d04

* Can be entered from other states due to local conditions.

NOTE – In this model escalation is not considered to be a separate state, rather it is modelled as a function that
applies to a trouble which is in the open/active state.

FIGURE 2
State transition diagram for trouble reports
 State Diagram An Example

Create
Refer, Transfer
Approve
+ Open
Reject
Queued Open/Active *disabled
Cl
ea

Release
Re r

Defer
-o
Cancel

pe
el
nc n
Ca

Deferred Cleared
cel
n
Ca
Close
Closed

Delete (explicit or scheduled)

 Tabular Method An
Example
If the taxable income is less than
Rs. 60,000, there will be no income
tax. If the income exceeds Rs.
60,000 but is less than Rs. 150,000
then income tax will be charged at
the rate of 7.5% for income
exceeding Rs. 60,000. If the
income exceeds Rs. 150,000
 Tabular Method An
Example
Income Tax

Less than Rs. 60,000 0%

Between Rs. 60,000 and Rs. 7.5% of (Income - 60,000)

150,000
Between Rs. 150,000 and Rs. 12.5% of (Income - 150,000) +
300,000 6,750
Between Rs. 300,000 and Rs. 20% of (Income - 300,000) +
400,000 25,500
Between Rs. 400,000 and Rs. 25% of (Income - 400,000) +
700,000 45,500
Greater than Rs. 700,000 35% of (Income - 700,000) +
120,500
 Software
Engineering
Lecture #7
Fakhar Lodhi
DFD - The Notation

Process External
Agent

Data Store
 DFD versus Flow
Charts
• Processes on a data • Processes on
flow can operate in flowcharts are
parallel. sequential.
• Looping and • Show the
branching are sequence of steps
typically not shown. as an algorithms
• Each process path and hence looping
may have a very and branching are
different timing. part of flowcharts.
 DFD Example
Reconcile Deposit Other
Monthly
Account Funds into Income
Acct Stmt
Balance an Account Sources
Bank
Accounts

Account Employer
Transactions
Withdraw Pay
funds from a
an Account Bill

Bank Creditor
 Common Mistakes
Generate an
employee Bank Statement Employee
bank stmt insufficient
Existing Employee input data
Accounts Address Membership
This Application
process Create a new
Member
Accounts has no Employee member
Employees
account
inputs Status
New
Account Frozen
Status Freeze ThisAccount Accounts
memberprocess Receivable
Notification Department
accounthas no
outputs
Illegal Data Flows

B1
 B2

A process is
needed to
B1 exchange data B2
between
external agents
Illegal Data Flows

B1
 Data
Store

A process is
needed to Data
B1 update a data Store
store
Illegal Data Flows

B1
 Data
Store

A process is
needed to Data
B1 use a data Store
store
Illegal Data Flows

Data
Store
 Data
Store

A process is
needed to
Data Data
copy data from
Store Store
one data store
to another
Tabular Structures
Data Flow Diagrams
 DFD
The Notation
 DFD
versus
Flow Charts
Summary of Today’s
Discussion
 Tabular Method An
Example
but does not exceed Rs. 300,000
then the income tax will be
computed at 12.5% of the amount
exceeding Rs. 150,000 plus Rs.
6,750. If the income exceeds Rs.
300,000 but does not exceed Rs.
400,000 then the income tax will
be computed at 20% of the
amount exceeding
 Tabular Method An
Example
Rs. 300,000 plus Rs. 25,500. If the
income exceeds Rs. 400,000 by
does not exceed Rs. 700,000 then
the income tax will be computed at
25% of the amount exceeding Rs.
400,000 plus Rs. 45,500. If the
income exceeds Rs. 700,000 then
the income tax will be computed at
35% of the amount exceeding Rs.
700,000 plus Rs. 120,500.
Data Functions: EIs, EOs
and EQs
– other than, or in addition to, the
retrieval of data or control
information . The processing logic
must contain at least one
mathematical formula or
calculation, or create derived
data. An external output may also
maintain one or more ILFs and/or
alter the behavior of the system.
Data Functions: EIs, EOs
and EQs
– or control information from an
ILF or EIF. The processing logic
contains no mathematical
formulas or calculations, and
creates no derived data. No ILF is
maintained during the
processing, nor is the behavior of
the system altered.