Operating Systems

Lecture 1
Introduction

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 Myself

NITASHA AROOJ JANJUA

Email: [email protected]
Office: STD PHD-Faculty Hall (402), Office # 10
University of Management and Technology

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 Books and Resources

 Operating System Concepts 10th Edition by

Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne

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 Course outline

 Introduction
 Processes, Inter-process
communication,
 Threads
 Synchronization, Semaphores,
 Deadlocks
 CPU Scheduling
 Memory management
 File-system management
 ……

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 Class Rules & Regulations
 Quizzes
 All quizzes will be Announced
 Quizzes will have more weightage as compared to Assignments
 Assignments
 In case of copied, all remaining assignment will be marked Zero
 Avoid late submission, No assignment will be entertained after deadline
 Attendance
 Don’t mark Proxy of your friend (If he/she is your real friend )
 In case of proxy, 5 Absences will be marked to that student
 In case of emergency, get permission personally or send an email with CC
to CR if gets approval then CR will remind me to entertain that request.
 Attend all classes regularly, no attendance issue will be entertained in the
end of semester

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 Are you ready !!!!
Lets Begin

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 Operating Systems

 How is RAM managed?

 How do you find something on disk?

 How do you know where to load it in RAM?

 How do you keep track of all running programs?

 Answer
 This is what the operating system does

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 What is an Operating System?

 A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a

computer and the computer hardware

 Operating system goals:

 Execute user programs and make solving user
problems easier
 Make the computer system convenient to use
 Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner

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 What is an Operating System?

 It is a program!
 User’s view
 Provides an extended or virtual machine abstraction to user programs
 Easier to program than the underlying hardware
 All services are invoked and accomplished through system calls
 System view
 Acts as a resource manager of a complex system
 Resources consist of processors, memories, timers, disks,
keyboard, network interfaces, printers etc.
 OS manages allocation of these resources to user programs in an
orderly and controlled manner

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 What is an Operating System?

 OS do nothing by themselves

 Similar to subroutine libraries, do nothing unless

they are invoked by programs

 Act as an intermediary between users and the

hardware

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 Two Goals of Operating Systems

 Manage hardware resources

System operates smoothly,
efficiently, reliably and securely
 Present abstract system model
to programmer
Simple and convenient access to
and control of resources

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 Manager/Coordinator of Resources

 Coordinates who gets

what
“who”: running programs
“what”: resources
“when”: scheduling time
“where”: organizing space
“whether”: limits, rights
 Goal: smooth system
operation
efficiency, reliability,
security

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 Resource multiplexing
 OS multiplexes resources in two ways:
 In time
Time multiplexing involves different programs taking
turns in using the resource.
Example:
 CPU scheduling
 printer sharing
 In space
Space multiplexing involves different program getting
part of the resource possibly at the same time
Example:
 memory is divided into several running programs

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 What If No Operating System?

All we have is bare

hardware
You want to run a program
How do you load it?
How do you run it?
What happens when it
completes?
Need at least some minimal
OS to do these
functions

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 …Lets go back to the “stone age”
of computing…

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 Early Systems

 No Operating systems,
 your Data and your
Programs
 X = X + 1; As
 Load Register1, x
 Load Register2, 1
Direct Register3, Register2,
 Add Register1 Register3, x
 Store
 Time slots allocated to scientists
 Enter programs using binary
switches

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 Early Systems

 Problem:
computer remains idle while programmer sets
things up
Poor utilization of huge investment
 Solution:
Hire a specialized person to do setup
 Problem:
Faster than programmer, but still a lot slower
than the machine
 Solution:
Build a batch monitor

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 The Monitor
The monitor is the special program that manages the sequential
execution of jobs in a batch.

Early batch system

bring cards to 1401
read cards to tape
put tape on 7094 which does
computing
put tape on 1401 which prints
output
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 Simple Batch System

 The user submits a job (written on a card or tape) to a

computer operator

 The computer operator place a batch of several jobs on

a input device

 A special program, the monitor, manages the execution of

each program in the batch

 Resident monitor is in the main memory and available for

execution

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 The Resident Monitor

• Monitor reads job one at a time from the input device

• Monitor places a job in the user program area

• A monitor instruction branches to the start of the user

program
• Execution of the user program continues until:
• End of program occurs
• Error occurs

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 Why study operating systems?
 Point of describing change isn’t “Look how stupid batch
processing is” – it was right for tradeoffs of the time, but not
anymore
 Point is: have to change with changing technology
 Situation today is much like it was in the late 60’s
 OS’s today are enormous, complex things
100k's of lines (or >1M lines)
Windows NT is 20M lines
Windows2000 and Windows XP are about 40M lines.
 Key aspect of this course, understand OS’s so we can
simplify them!

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 Beyond batch processing systems

 The Era of Timesharing and Multiprogramming

 Multiprogramming-Execute multiple jobs

simultaneously

 Timesharing-Processor’s time is shared among multiple

users

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 Multiprogramming
 Execute multiple jobs simultaneously
 But a CPU can execute a single instruction at a
time???
 One job can use the CPU while the other is waiting
for I/O

• Small jobs not delayed by large jobs

• Context switching

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 Requirements for
Multiprogramming
 Hardware support:
I/O interrupts and (possibly) DMA(Direct memory
access)
 OS requests I/O, goes back to computing, gets interrupt when I/O
device finishes
 Memory management
several ready-to-run jobs must be kept in memory
Memory protection (data and programs)
 Software support from the OS:
Job Scheduling
 Which ready jobs should be brought to memory
CPU Scheduling
 Which program is to be run next

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 Multiprogramming

 What is the Performance criteria?

 Turn-Around Time
 The length of time between the start of the job and
when the output was done

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 Time Sharing System (TSS)
 Processor’s time is shared among multiple users

 Use cheap terminals to let multiple users interact with the

system at the same time

 OS does timesharing to give illusion of each user has

own computer

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 Time Sharing System (TSS)

 Time sharing was achieved by resource sharing

e.g, the CPU among the jobs
 Performance measured in terms of Response Time
The length of time between the start of a job and
the first output
 Utilization is still a problem.Why?
CPU time sacrificed to get better response time for
users
CPU still has to wait, while a slower user is entering
data on keyboard
 Other jobs must run during this time

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 Personal Computing

 Computers are cheap, so give everyone a computer

 Initially, OS became a subroutine library again (MSDOS)

 Since then, adding back in memory

protection, multiprogramming, etc.
 Because when humans are expensive, don’t waste their
time by letting programs crash each other

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 Distributed Computing

 Computers so cheap – give people a bunch of them

 I have 2 PCs at home, 1 in my office, 3 smart phones and
share some machines in a lab how do I coordinate a
bunch of machines?
 Fast Networks – allow machines to share resources
and data easily
 Cheap Networks – allow geographically distributed
machines to interact

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 OS
Overview

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 The Operating System controls the
machine

gc gd
c OS b
User gre
dif Kernel
Application f Har p
v d dat
Operating war e
i
System e
xter emac
Hardware m
s netscape

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 A better picture

many
applications

Applicati
on Syste
m
One Operating
calls
System
Operatin One Hardware
g
Machine
System
instructio
Privileged
ns
Hardwar instructio
ns
e

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 Operating System in Action
 OS is a program, just like any other program

 When you turn power on, bootstrap program is loaded from ROM
 Bootstrap program
 Examine/check machine configuration
 # CPUs
 How much memory
 # and type of HW devices
 Build configuration structure describing the HW
 Locates and Loads the OS
 The control transfers to the OS

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 Operating System in Action

Operating System:
 Initialize kernel data structures

 Initialize state of HW devices

 Creates a number of processes to start

operation

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 References

Operating System Concepts 8/9th Ed

Chapter 1
Modern Operating Systems 3rd Ed Chapter 1

Operating Systems 6th Ed Chapter 2

 By William Stalling

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-sharing

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_computin
g

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 End

Operating System Concepts – 10h Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne

©2018