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Dbms Constraints

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11 views14 pages

Dbms Constraints

Uploaded by

pinosjordanmicaelj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SQL CONSTRAINTS

MR. ALDRINE SORIANO


TABLE OF CONTENTS

 SQL CONSTRAINTS
 NOT NULL
 UNIQUE
 PRIMARY KEY
 FOREIGN KEY
 CHECK
 DEFAULT
 CREATE INDEX
SQL CREATE CONSTRAINTS

 Constraints can be specified when the table is created with the CREATE TABLE
statement, or after the table is created with the ALTER TABLE statement.
SYNTAX
CREATE TABLE table_name (
column1 datatype constraint,
column2 datatype constraint,
column3 datatype constraint,
…
);
SQL CONSTRAINTS

 SQL constraints are used to specify rules for the data in a table.
 Constraints are used to limit the type of data that can go into a table. This
ensures the accuracy and reliability of the data in the table. If there is any
violation between the constraint and the data action, the action is aborted.
 Constraints can be column level or table level.
 Column level constraints apply to a column, and table level constraints apply to
the whole table.
DIFFERENT CONSTRAINTS COMMONLY USED IN SQL

 The following constraints are commonly used in SQL:


 NOT NULL – Ensures that a column cannot have a NULL value
 UNIQUE – Ensures that all values in a column are different
 PRIMARY KEY – A combination of a NOT NULL and UNIQUE. Uniquely identifies each
row in a table
 FOREIGN KEY – Prevents actions that would destroy links between tables
 CHECK – Ensures that the values in a column satisfies a specific condition
 DEFAULT – Sets a default value for a column if no value is specified
 CREATE INDEX – Used to create and retrieve data from the database very quickly
SQL NOT NULL CONSTRAINT

 By default, a column can hold NULL Values.


 The NOT NULL constraint enforces a column to NOT accept NULL values
 This enforces a field to always contain a value,
 Which means that you cannot insert a new record, or update a record without
adding a value to this field
SQL NOT NULL ON CREATE TABLE

 The following SQL ensures that the “ID”, “LastName”, and “FirstName” columns
will NOT accept NULL values when the “Persons” table is created:
EXAMPLE
INPUT
CREATE TABLE Persons (
OUTPUT
ID int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
Age int
);
SQL NOT NULL ON ALTER TABLE

 To create a NOT NULL constraint on the “Age” column when the “Persons” table is
already created, use the following SQL:
EXAMPLE
OUTPUT
INPUT
ALTER TABLE Persons
MODIFY COLUMN Age int NOT NULL;
SQL UNIQUE CONSTRAINT

 The UNIQUE constraint ensures that all values in a column are different.
 Both the UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY constraints provide a guarantee for
uniqueness for a column or set of columns.
 PRIMARY KEY constraint automatically has a UNIQUE constraint.
 However, you can have many UNIQUE constraints per table, but only one
PRIMARY KEY constraint per table.
SQL UNIQUE CONSTRAINT ON CREATE TABLE

 The following SQL creates a UNIQUE constraint on the “ID” column when the
“Persons” table is created:
EXAMPLE
INPUT
OUTPUT
SQL UNIQUE CONSTRAINT ON CREATE TABLE

 To name a UNIQUE constraint, and to define a UNIQUE constraint on multiple


columns, use the following SQL syntax:
EXAMPLE
INPUT
OUTPUT
SQL UNIQUE CONSTRAINT ON ALTER TABLE

 To create a UNIQUE constraint on the “ID” column when the table is already
created, use the following SQL:
EXAMPLE
INPUT
OUTPUT
SQL UNIQUE CONSTRAINT ON ALTER TABLE

 To create a UNIQUE constraint on the “ID” column when the table is already
created, use the following SQL:
EXAMPLE
INPUT
OUTPUT
DROP A UNIQUE CONSTRAINT

 To drop a UNIQUE constraint, use the following SQL:

EXAMPLE
INPUT
OUTPUT

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