THE SETTINGS, PROCESSES,

METHODS AND TOOLS IN

COUNSELING
The Three School of Thought in
Psychology

 Psychoanalysis
 Behaviorism
 Humanistic Perspective
Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud 1856-
1939)

 Is defined as a set of psychological

theories and therapeutic techniques. The
core of psychoanalysis is the belief that
all people possess unconscious thought,
feelings, desires and memories.
 It aims to release repressed emotions
and experiences.
 Therapeutic model that utilizes dreams,
fantasies, association and the expression
of thoughts both verbally and physically.
Behaviorism B.F. Skinner (1904-1900

 Focus on the effects of reinforcement on

observable behavior.
 All psychological disorders are result of
maladaptive learning that all behavior is
learnt from our environment and
symptoms are acquired through classical
conditioning and operant conditioning.
 Classical conditioning involves learning
by association.
Operant conditioning
 learning by reinforcement e.g., rewards
and punishment.
Reward or Positive reinforcement

 Example: You studied hard and got a

high grade in all your subject areas, as
your reward your mom brings you to the
best restaurant for a dinner treat.
Punishment or Negative Reinforcement

 You failed to follow your mother’s order

to fetch your younger brother from
school as your punishment your mother
told you not to join with your friends for
a vacation.
 Therapeutic techniques used in this type
of treatment are action-based and rooted
in the theories of classical conditioning
and operant conditioning and utilize the
same learning strategies that led to the
formation of unwanted behaviors.
 It highly focused on teaching new
behaviors to maintain or eliminate the
issues.
Humanistic Perspective
 Carl Rogers ( 1902-1987)
 Abraham Maslow ( 1908-1970)
 George Kelly ( 1905-1966)
Humanistic Perspective
 Attempted to understand the conscious
mind, free will, human dignity and the
capacity for self-reflection and growth.
 This approach believes that the person is
not hostage to the contingence and
historical circumstances of his/her past.
 The human potential for change requires
exercise of he distinctively human
capacities for choice, creativity and drive
for self-actualization.
Basic counseling
Approaches
Psychoanalytic Theory (Sigmund Freud)

 Determined by psychic energy and early

experiences
 The goal of the therapist is to help the
client become conscious of this energy
and early experiences and thereby
become empowered and harness both
positively.
Adlerian Therapy ( Alfred Adler1870-
1937)
 Is an approach similar to the Freudian. This
theory believes that the 1st six years of life
influence an individual but ensuing behavior
depend on how one interprets his/her past and
its continuing influence on him/her.
 Humans are motivated by social urges.
 the therapist works to provide the client the
support and encouragement they need in
order to cope more effectively with feelings of
inferiority and to develop healthy ways of
overcoming these feelings.
 It uses Socratic dialogue to inspire the
development of productive and
beneficial attitudes
Existential Therapy
 No single founder.
 Viktor Frankl
 Abraham Maslow
 Rollo May
 Focus on the human capacity to define and shape
his/her own life, give meaning to personal
circumstance through reflection, decision-making
and self-awareness.
 It emphasizes human freedom to define oneself and
that our lives are not predetermined. The only
things that we cannot control I being born and the
fact of dying.
Person-centered Therapy (Carl Rogers
1902-1987)

 People get, share or surrender power and

control over them selves and other and so
empowerment depended on the self and
such required non-directive processes.
 The counselors focus on the clients self-
discovery rather than their input.
 The process include the counselor use of
active listening, reflection of feelings,
clarification and just “being there” for the
counselee in a non-interventionist way.
Gestalt Therapy ( Frederick S. Perls
1893-1970)
 It is an existential approach, stressing that people
will find their own way of life and accept personal
responsibility for maturity.
 Develop awareness of their unfinished business
from the past, traumatic experiences in life.
 It includes confrontation, dialog with parties, role-
playing, reliving and re experiencing unfinished
business in the forms of resentment and guilt.
 Counselors push for doing and experiencing rather
than just talk about ones’ feelings as client
accompanied by actions like breaking a glass or
hitting something hard.
Transactional Analysis ( Eric Berne 1910-
1970

 Is a psychoanalytic theory and method

of therapy wherein social interactions
are analyzed to determine the ego state
of the communicator as the basis for
understanding the behavior.
Behavioral Therapy ( Arnold Lazaros, Albert, Bandura, F.B.
Skinner, M. J. Mahoney, David L. Watson and A.E Kazdin.

 This uses action-oriented methods to

help people take steps to change what
they are doing and thinking.
 This approach focuses on overt behavior.
 The counselor is an active and directive
and functions as a teacher or trainer in
helping clients to work on improving
behavior.
Rational-Emotive Therapy (Albert Ellis)

 It is a form of cognitive-oriented behavioral therapy

and based on the assumptions that human beings are
born with a potential for both rational thinking and
irrational thinking. That human being are fallible.
 This approach helping clients to accept themselves a
people who would continue to make mistakes, yet at
the same time learn to live with themselves and be at
peace with themselves.
 According to Ellis that through thinking, judging,
deciding and doing people can change their cognitive,
emotive and behavioral processes and react
differently from their usual patterns.
Reality Therapy William
Glasser
 This therapy is a short-term approach that focus
on the present and highlights a client’s strength.
 Client can learn more realistic behavior and
achieve success.
 Glasser believes that people choose their
behavior and are therefore responsible for what
they do and how they think and feel.
 Counselor here provides encouragement to
asses the current life style of the client and
allow them to employ honest self examination,
leading and resulting to elf improvement.
Different Setting in Conducting
Counseling
Government setting
 Counseling settings vary widely but the
processes, methods and tools used are
similar.
 Counseling professionals in government
setting work with various government
agencies that have counseling services
such as social welfare, correctional
department, court system, child and
women affairs services, school, military,
police, hospitals mental and foster
homes and rehabiliation centers.
Private Sector Setting
 Counselors range from independent
providers of service or work for NGO or
specialized for profit center and
organizations that render a variety of
counseling services.
Civil Society Setting
 The context of civil society is generally
charities or non-profit and issue-based
centers or organizations such as for
abused women, abandoned children and
elderly, veterans, teacher professionals
or religious groups.
School Setting
 In the school setting the role of the
school counselor is more complex since
the needs of the students may vary
widely.
 Frank Parson- the father of Guidance and
Counseling develop a vocational
program that matched an individual’
traits with a vocation
Multiple Roles of School
Counselors
 Assigned non-counseling roles ( part time
teaching, secretariat, substitute teacher
 Ratio 1:250 ASCA
 1:500 CHED Philippines
 1:1000 worse rate
 Administer psychometric test
 Interviewing new students and transferees
 Reacting to problem of students
 Counseling the problematic students.
Community Setting
 The community has the greatest and widest
application of counseling service considering the
diversity of people who constitute the community.
There are people who are in conflict with the law,
socially marginalized, people who suffer loss of all
kinds, those living in institutional homes, and
those experiencing different types of life
transitions that need counseling support and
service. The community setting creates a
crossroad for individual context and group context.
Therefor, the needs recognized and addressed on
other levels are equally present in the community.