CONDITIONAL

STATEMENTS AND
GUARD CLAUSES
By: Israel O. Estrada
CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
IF, ELSE, SWITCH AND CASE STATEMENTS
CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
 A SEQUENTIAL SET OF INSTRUCTIONS COMPUTERS USE TO MAKE
DECISIONS.
 CAN ALSO BE REFERRED TO AS CONDITIONALS OR EXPRESSIONS.
 THE STATEMENTS CAN FORM A PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE THAT
MODIFIES HOW THE COMPUTER EXECUTES CODE SINCE COMPUTERS
CAN’T THINK FOR THEMSELVES AND REQUIRE NIPUTS TO PERFORM A
RANGE OF TASKS THEY ARE REQUIRED TO PERFORM.
CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS WORK BY USING BOOLEAN EXPRESSIONS
IN THE FORM OF LOGICAL IF/ELSE AND THEN STATEMENTS IN ORDER
TO EVALUATE IF SOMETHING IS TRUE OR FALSE.
 USED TO HELP PROGRAMMERS ORGANIZE THEIR WRITTEN CODE
INTO LOGICAL SECTIONS THAT ARE EASY TO READ AND UNDERSTAND
AND MAKE SURE THAT THE PROGRAM ONLY EXECUTES THE RIGHT
CODE AT A SPECIFIC TIME AND PLACE.
TYPES OF CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
 IF STATEMENT
 IF ELSE STATEMENT
 NESTED IF STATEMENT
 SWITCH STATEMENT
 NESTED SWITCH STATEMENT
IF STATEMENTS
 THIS STATEMENT EXECUTES CODE IF A CONDITION IS TRUE BY
EVELUATING AN EXPRESSION AS EITHER NON-ZERO(TRUE) OR
ZERO(FALSE) TO A SINGLE VALUE.
 USES RELATIONAL OPERATORS TO EVALUATE WHETHER A VALUE IS
GREATER THAN (>), LESS THAN (<), GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO
(>=), LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO (<=), EQUAL(=) OR NOT EQUAL (!=).
IF STATEMENTS
if(A=1){
EXECUTE B;
}
IF ELSE STATEMENTS
 EXECUTES CODE WHETHER A CONDITION IS TRUE OR FALSE UNLIKE A
REGULAR IF STATEMENT WHICH ONLY EXECUTES CODE WHEN A
STATEMENT IS TRUE.
 USUALLY USED AS A YES OR NO QUESTION IN ORDER TO VERIFY
VARIOUS DATA.
IF ELSE STATEMENTS
if(A=1){
EXECUTE B;
else
EXECUTE C;
}
NESTED IF STATEMENTS
 A STATEMENT THAT USES BOTH IF AND IF ELSE STATEMENTS
SIMULTANEOUSLY.
 ADDS AN IF STATEMENT AS THE CODE TO BE EXECUTED BY A
PREVIOUS IF STATEMENT’S TRUE OR FALSE CONDITION.
NESTED IF STATEMENTS
if(num>1){
if(num<5){
EXECUTE A;
else
EXECUTE B;
}
else if(num=1){
EXECUTE C;
else
EXECUTE D;
}
}
SWITCH STATEMENTS
 USED IN A SIMILAR MANNER WITH NESTED IF STATEMENTS WITH THE
DIFFERENCE BEING THAT SWITCH STATEMENTS USES MULTIPLE
VALUES IN ORDER TO CREATE DIFFERENT CASES USED TO EXECUTE
CODE.
 THIS STATEMENT CAN INCLUDE A BREAK IN ORDER MOVE ON TO THE
NEXT FUNCTION AFTER EXECUTING THE CODE INSIDE THE CASE.
 USUALLY HAS A DEFAULT CASE USED TO EXECUTE CODE WHENEVER
THE STATEMENT DOES NOT MATCH ANY CASE.
 CASES ARE USUALLY DENOTED USING NUMBERS BUT CAN BE
DENOTED BY ANY KIND OF INT, CHAR, FLOAT OR BOOLEAN STATE
DEPENDING ON THE CODE THAT PRECECDES IT.
SWITCH STATEMENTS
int x=5;
switch(x) {
case(1): EXECUTE A; break;
case(2): EXECUTE B; break;
case(3): EXECUTE C; break;
case(4): EXECUTE D; break;
case(5): EXECUTE E; break;
default: break;
}
NESTED SWITCH STATEMENTS
 LIKE IF STATEMENTS, SWITCH STATEMENTS CAN BE NESTED WITHIN A
CASE OF ANOTHER SWITCH STATEMENT.
 EITHER IF OR SWITCH STATEMENTS CAN BE NESTED WITHIN ONE
ANOTHER. (E.G. AN IF STATEMENT WITHIN A SWITCH CASE OR A
SWITCH STATEMENT WITHIN AN IF STATEMENT.)
NESTED SWITCH STATEMENTS
int x=1, y=4; int x=1, y=4;
switch(x){ switch(x){
case(1): switch(y){ case(1):
case(4): if(y=4){
EXECUTE D; break; EXECUTE D;
else
case(5):
EXECUTE A;
EXECUTE E; break;
}break;
default: EXECUTE case(2): EXECUTE B; break;
A; break; case(3): EXECUTE C; break;
} default: break;
case(2): EXECUTE B; }
break;
case(3): EXECUTE C;
break;
default: break;
}
GUARD CLAUSES
THE WAY TO CLEAN UP CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
GUARD CLAUSES
 CODE THAT IS USED TO SIMPLIFY NESTED CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
TO IMPROVE READABILITY AND PERFORMANCE.
 USUALLY USED TO SIMPLIFY IF ELSE STATEMENTS THAT ARE USED TO
VERIFY DATA NECESSARY TO THE MAIN CODE’S FUNCTIONS.
GUARD CLAUSES
 BEFORE GUARD CLAUSES:  AFTER GUARD
int x=1,y=1; CLAUSES:
int x=1,y=1;
if(x!=null){
if(y!=null){ if(x==null)return;
if(x<=0){ if(y==null)return;
if(y<=0){ if(x<=0)return;
EXECUTE if(y<=0)return;
CODE A;
return; EXECUTE CODE A;
}return;
}return;
}return;
}
END OF REPORT
Thank you for listening!!