Inclusion

• What is inclusion?
an ongoing process aimed at offering quality
services for all while respecting diversity and the
different needs and abilities, characteristics and
communities and eliminating all forms of
discrimination
Inclusion is seen as a process of addressing and
responding to the diversity of needs
of all persons through increasing participation in
learning, employment, services, cultures
and communities, and reducing exclusion at all
social contexts. It involves changes and
modifications in content, approaches, structures
and strategies, with a common vision which
covers all people.
• Welcoming all
• Addressing individual needs
• Respecting
• values difference
Diversity as opportunity
• combating discrimination and exclusion
 Principles of Inclusion
1. Inclusion is a process..
2. Inclusion is concerned with the identification
and removal of barriers that hinders the
development of persons with disabilities.
3. Inclusion is about the presence, participation
and achievement of all persons.
4. Inclusion invokes a particular emphasis on
those who may be at risk of marginalization,
exclusion or underachievement.
 Rationale for Inclusion
• Educational Foundations
• Social Foundation
• Legal Foundations
• Economic Foundation
• Foundations for Building Inclusive Society
Inclusive Environments
Physical?
Social?
Institution?
 Barriers to inclusion of persons with
disabilities

• Inadequate policies and standards

• Attitudinal barriers
• Physical barriers
• Institutional barriers
• Communication barriers
 Barriers to inclusion of persons with
disabilities
• Inadequate policies and standards.
• Policy design does not always take into account the
needs of people with disabilities, or existing policies
and standards are not enforced. Examples include a
lack of clear policy of inclusive education, a lack of
enforceable access standards in physical
environments, and the low priority accorded to
rehabilitation.
 Barriers to inclusion…
• Negative attitudes.
• Beliefs and prejudices constitute barriers
when health-care workers cannot see past the
disability, teachers do not see the value in
teaching children with disabilities, employers
discriminate against people with disabilities,
and family members have low expectations of
their relatives with disabilities.
 Barriers to inclusion…
• Lack of provision of services. People with disabilities
are particularly vulnerable to deficiencies in services
such as health care, rehabilitation, or support and
assistance.
• Problems with service delivery. Issues such as poor
coordination among services, inadequate staffing,
staff competencies, and training affect the quality
and adequacy of services for persons with
disabilities.
 Barriers to inclusion…
• Inadequate funding. Resources allocated to
implementing policies and plans are often
inadequate. Strategy papers on poverty
reduction, for instance, may mention disability
but without considering funding.
 Barriers to inclusion…
• Lack of accessibility
• Built environments (including public accommodations)
transport systems and information are often inaccessible. Lack
of access to transport is a frequent reason for a person with a
disability being discouraged from seeking work or prevented
from accessing health care. Even in countries with laws on
accessibility, compliance in public buildings is often very low.
The communication needs of people with disabilities are often
unmet. Information is frequently unavailable in accessible
formats, and some people with disabilities are unable to
access basic information and communication technologies
such as telephones and television.
 Barriers to inclusion…
• Lack of consultation and involvement Often
people with disabilities are excluded from
decision-making in matters directly affecting
their lives.
• Lack of data and evidence A lack of rigorous
and comparable data on disability and
evidence on programmes that work often
impedes understanding and action.
Physical barriers
• What are the Physical barriers in Jimma
University? Discuss on the accessibility of the
following
• offices
• Classrooms
• Café
• Toilet
• etc
 Communication barriers

• Communicating with deaf people

– The use of sign language
• in teaching
• Every day communication
• Communicating with Visually impaired people
– Braille
– Audio
• Barriers to use internet
Barriers to Health and Social Services for Persons with Disabilities

• lack of physical access, including transportation and/or

proximity to clinics and, within clinics, lack of ramps, adapted
examination tables, and similar facilities;
• lack of information and communication materials (e.g. lack of
materials in braille, large print, simple language, and pictures;
lack of sign language interpreters, lack of materials for the
deaf and persons suffering from hearing loss);
• lack of private offices to discuss confidential health and social
matters;
• lack of extra time, care and attention to meet the needs of the
disabled person;
• lack of suitable water sources, toilets, washroom and
restroom facilities;
• lack of awareness, knowledge and understanding of
the needs of disabled persons;
• health-care and social service providers’ negative
attitudes, prejudice and imposed stigma;
• providers’ lack of knowledge and skills as regards
persons with disabilities;
• lack of coordination among health care providers;
• lack of training of health care personnel;
• lack of funding, including lack of health-care
insurance
The role of doctors, nurses and administrators

As members of the caring professions, health professionals have a particularly

important role.
Awareness among health service professionals of the needs of persons with
disabilities
in health care settings is, therefore, of paramount importance. Beyond
understanding
of the rights and concerns of persons with disabilities, organizations
representing
persons with disabilities have reiterated the continuing attitudinal barriers in
health care,
including patronizing and ignorant front-line staff. Negative attitudes and
harmful beliefs
create significant barriers to the provision of health services for persons with
disabilities.
Measures to achieve genuinely inclusive health services must
address attitudinal barriers including the education of health care
professionals on the rights of persons with disabilities. Attitudinal
barriers can have a devastating impact on the quality of health care
particularly for people with learning and mental health disabilities
who have a long history of misunderstanding, fear and stigma.
In the area of health services it is of utmost importance to involve
frontline healthcare providers in daily contact with persons with
disabilities in awareness-raising. Awarenessraising is essential to the
building of organizational and individual capacity to deliver the range
of health services that will enable persons with disabilities to live
fully inclusive lives in their communities.
 Physical accessibility

• Persons with disabilities with health problems cannot visit

hospitals or health clinics if buildings are physically inaccessible
to them. To ensure enjoyment of the right of persons with
disabilities to health services, accessibility must therefore be
addressed broadly, for example in relation to entrances to
buildings and healthcare facilities, appropriate equipment,
restroom facilities, and to transportation to the health care
facility.
• Accessibility should be focused mainly on the difficulties of
orientation to the health caresetting, including completion of
registration forms, location of a seat in the waiting area,
• and realization of when to enter the examination room.
 Informational barriers

• Health service information is rarely available in formats that are

accessible to persons with
• disabilities. This limits people's understanding of what services
are available and of how to
• access them and it raises questions about:
• 1. whether the uptake of disability, mental health and general
services by persons
• with disabilities is an accurate reflection of real need; and
• 2. the quality of informed consent to treatment that is being
secured.
• Health outreach and health promotion efforts also often fail to
reach persons with disabilities
 Economic Barriers

• Economic and financial factors are real barriers in relation to health service for
persons with
• disabilities. While financial barriers within the health care system can affect members
of
• the general population in accessing health care, persons with disabilities may
experience
• additional disadvantages in their health and well-being. Low-income persons with
disabilities
• are more likely to experience financial barriers to care. There are significant
differences in
• the availability of services between those who are able to pay for services and those
who
• do not have the resources to do so. In many countries, only those who can afford to
pay for
• supportive devices such as crutches, hearing aids and reading glasses are able to
receive them
Twin track approach
 Accessibility and reasonable
accommodation…
• Accommodation
• A modification or adjustment to a work environment,
educational experience, or provision of services that
enables a qualified individual with a disability to
enjoy equal opportunity to access employment,
education, recreation and services, including, for
example, modification of work or course schedule,
examination method, or existing facilities or use of
assistive devices and technologies.
• Examples of Reasonable Accommodations.doc
Costs of exclusion and gains of inclusion of persons with disabilities

• Exclusion of children with disabilities from education

can generate costs to individuals, families,
communities and even nations as a whole. These
costs may not be immediately apparent, but can
work insidiously to propagate poverty and stagnate
economic growth. On the flip side, promoting
inclusion in education has the potential to generate
substantial financial and social gains at the individual,
family, community state levels.
 Differentiated services for pwds
• Needs of Persons with Disabilities

• Gender and disability

• The Health Care Needs of Persons with

Disabilities
• Equity and equality