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Lecture 6

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8 views24 pages

Lecture 6

Uploaded by

shaistaimtiaz077
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Information Security

Delivered By: Dr. Ahthasham Sajid


Dated: 7th Oct 2024
Agenda

• Polyalphabetic Vigenère Ciphers

• One Time Padding

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Security of the Playfair Cipher

• Security much improved over monoalphabetic


• Since have 26 x 26 = 676 digrams
• Would need a 676 entry frequency table to analyse
(verses 26 for a monoalphabetic)
• And correspondingly more ciphertext

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Security of the Playfair Cipher

• Was widely used for many years (eg. US & British


military in WW1)
• It can be broken, given a few hundred letters
• Since still has much of plaintext structure

4
Polyalphabetic Ciphers
• Another approach to improving security is to use multiple
cipher alphabets
• Makes cryptanalysis harder with more alphabets to guess and
flatter frequency distribution
• Use a key to select which alphabet is used for each letter of the
message
• Use each alphabet in turn
• Repeat from start after end of key is reached

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Vigenère Cipher
• Simplest polyalphabetic substitution cipher is the Vigenère Cipher
• Effectively multiple Caesar ciphers
• Key is multiple letters long K = k1 k2 ... kd
• ith letter specifies ith alphabet to use

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Vigenère Cipher
• Use each alphabet in turn
• Repeat from start after d letters in message
• Decryption simply works in reverse

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Example
• Write the plaintext out
• Write the keyword repeated above it
• Use each key letter as a Caesar cipher key
• Encrypt the corresponding plaintext letter
• e.g. using keyword deceptive

key: deceptivedeceptivedeceptive
key: deceptivedeceptivedeceptive
plaintext: wearediscoveredsaveyourself
plaintext: wearediscoveredsaveyourself
ciphertext: ZICVTWQNGRZGVTWAVZHCQYGLMGJ
ciphertext:ZICVTWQNGRZGVTWAVZHCQYGLMGJ

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Modern Vigenère Tableau

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Formula for Vigenère Cipher
Practice

• For this example, let us use the phrase ALL IS WELL and the keyword

as CAKE. Perform Encryption and Decryption using Vigenère Cipher.


Solution
Encryption

Decryption
One-Time Pad
• If a truly random key as long as the message is used, the
cipher will be secure called a One-Time pad
• Is unbreakable since ciphertext bears no statistical
relationship to the plaintext
• The key must be at least as long as the plaintext
• The key must never be reused
• The key must be kept completely secret to the outside world yet
shared by both parties
• The key must have a uniform distribution that is independent of
the plaintext

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• The Ceaser Cipher is a great example of a cipher that is not perfectly
secure or practically secure. As we demonstrated earlier, when given access to
the ciphertext of a Caesar cipher, an attacker can see the positions and patterns
of characters in the plaintext.

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Example(One Time Pad)
• Input: HELLO
• Key: MONEY
• Output: TSYPM
• Part 1: Plain text to Ciphertext
• Plain text — H E L L O (7 4 11 11 14 )
• Key — M O N E Y (12 14 13 4 24 )
• Plain text + key 19 18 24 15 38
• Cipher Text (T S Y P M)
• Part 2: Ciphertext to Message
Cipher Text - Key
19 18 24 15 12 – 12 14 13 4 24
Plain Text 7 4 11 11 14
HELLO
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Issue:

• How to get cipher text letter if the plain text letter and
key letter after adding become greater then # 26?
Solution:
• We have to find solution by following formula:
• Dividend / Divisor = Quotient
• In this case 38 is the Dividend, 26 is the Divisor, and the answer is
called the Quotient which is 12.
• 38 ÷ 26 = 12
Practice

Perform Encryption and Decryption using One Time Pad.

1. Plain text “Enigma” and use “keyword” as key.

2. Plain text “cyber security” with Key” Best”.


Solution

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Cipher Text: ORCCNP


Solution
• https://www.boxentriq.com/code-breaking/one-time-pad

• Use the Link Above to practice One time Pad Example

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