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Energy Storage

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20 views30 pages

Energy Storage

Uploaded by

csd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Energy Storage

Contents
• The need for storage
• Types of storage
• Interlinking grids
Not been such a problem recently…
Energy Storage
• More important now than it has ever been as
we move from a fossil fuel society to one that
is driven by a more intermittent renewable
energy supply
• Many types of energy storage; molten salt,
phase changing materials…
• Two main types can be classified as:
– Electrical
– Thermal
Pumped storage
• The main large scale electricity storage used in
the UK
• Water is pumped to a high reservoir at times
of low electricity demand and then used to
generate electricity at times of high demand
Other demonstrator mechanisms

• Compressed air storage


– air is compressed to a high pressure and stored (underground) at
times of low demand, and then used to generated electricity (by
driving a turbine) at times of high demand.
• Flow cells or flow batteries
– electrochemical devices which can store large amounts of energy
in tanks of electrolyte solutions. These solutions generate
electricity when brought together.

• Both of these methods have been demonstrated but are not


yet in widespread commercial use.
Hydrogen
• Can be produced from:
– Coal gas
– Biomass
– Electrolysis
Hydrogen Storage
• System used in chemical
industry
• Looking to use in
California and Iowa
Batteries
• Used for many years for a wide variety of applications:
– lead acid batteries in cars
– nickel metal hydride batteries in cameras
– lithium ion batteries in laptops
• Lithium ion in electric vehicles
• Coupled with decentralised electricity systems
• UK government want to explore option of using vehicles
and grid connected batteries to provide additional grid
storage capacity when vehicles are parked
Toyota’s vision…

http://www.toyota-global.com/innovation/smart_grid/
Battery in use impact
• Depends on grid mix and charging regimes
• Variable country to country
• Rechargeable batteries reduce requirement
for materials
Other electrical options
• Supercapacitors store small amounts of
electrical energy and can deliver this very
rapidly. Suitable for applications that require a
fast response, for example, regenerative
braking in vehicles

• Flywheels store energy in a rotating mass. Can


be used to supply a short burst of energy, for
instance to accelerate vehicles
Thermal storage
• Hot and cold water reservoirs can be used for storing
thermal energy
• Domestic hot water tanks are a familiar way to store
energy
• Making ice to be used for cooling at a future point in
time is also a well established technique for thermal
energy storage (ice houses)
• Thermal energy storage integrated into buildings can
save energy by storing heat during the day for use at
night, or allowing the effects of cooler air at night time to
be used during the day
4W Building
• Contains concrete cooling system
• First in UK (designed by German air conditioning experts)
• Prefabricated cooling coils were laid in the statically neutral zone
of the concrete ceiling between the upper and lower layers of
structural steel
• The embedded cooling pipes then act to cool the concrete
without the need for draughty air circulation or water pipes, by
drawing in cool outdoor air and exhausting air which has
absorbed sensible heat from the concrete.
• As well as providing cost effective cooling utilising outdoor air
also provides the required fresh air needed to meet the
ventilation criteria, in accordance with Building Regulations.
Thermal stores
• Phase change materials absorb or release heat
at a relatively constant temperature as they
change between the liquid and the solid state,
and can be incorporated in building fabric.
• Other potential methods of thermal energy
storage include using large volumes of water
underground, and reversible chemical
reactions that absorb and then release heat
Interseasonal Storage
• Volume of hot water storage required almost
as big as house itself. And would require
substantial insulation
Rock cavern storage: Lyckebo near Uppsala,
Sweden

Source: http://intraweb.stockton.edu/eyos/energy_studies/content/docs/effstock09/
Session_11_1_Case%20studies_Overviews/107.pdf
Phase change material
• A substance that is capable of storing and
releasing large amounts of energy when
melting/solidifying OR changing crystalline
structure
• Heat is absorbed or released when the
material changes from solid to liquid and vice
versa
• Phase changing materials (PCMs) are classified
as latent heat storage (LHS) units
Ice cream ingredients • Salt raises melting point
of ice
Ice and salt
• As ice melts it absorbs
latent heat (it requires
energy)
• It takes the latent heat
from the ice cream
ingredients, freezing
them
• Ice cream is made
Passive Thermal Systems PCM Wallboards
Interconnectors
• England-France
– 2,000MW high voltage direct current (HVDC)
• BritNed – went live April 2011
– 1,000 MW connection between the Isle of Grain in
Kent and Maasvlakte, Holland (HVDC)
– £500 million scheme
• Brit Ned Interconnecter:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=3W7NePcAKyM
Desertec Plans
Further Info
• http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/emerging-tech
nologies/technology-directory/Pages/energy-
storage.aspx
• http://www.isepa.com/index.asp
• http://www.netl.doe.gov/energy-analyses/pu
bs/Final%20Report-Market%20Analysis%20of
%20Emerging%20Electric%20Energy%20Sto.p
df
• http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?t
p=&arnumber=1300713
• http://www.energy.ca.gov/2005publications/

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