Digital Logic Design

NU-BCS
Lecture 1
Course Objectives

• Understand the digital logic design

• Understand the number systems
• Logic Gates
• codes
• Boolean algebra
• Understand the combinational logic
• Sequential logic
• latches/flip flops and counters
• Semiconductor memory
• A/D and D/A convertor
• Micro processor
Analogue Quantities

Continuous Quantity
• Temperature
• Velocity
Analog

• Analog works with continuous measurement of physical

property.
• Voltage, speed and temperature are some physical
properties that can be measured in this way.
• It has low memory and fewer functions. It is difficult to
operate and use. It is usually build for special purposes.
Examples of Analog Devices

• Speedometer is used to measure the speed of car

Examples of Analog Devices

• Analog clock measures time

Examples of Analog Devices

• Thermometer is an analog device

Continuous Signal

45

40

35
temperature
C

30
0

25

20

15

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
time
Continuous Signal

45
42 41
40
temperature

37
35 34 35
C

30 29
0

25 25 25
23 22
20
18
15

10
7
5 4
1 2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
time

The continuous signal can be represented digitally by taking samples at regular

but fixed intervals.
Digital Systems

• Two Voltage Levels

• Two States
• On/Off
• Black/White
• Hot/Cold
• Stationary/Moving
Digital Values

• Discrete set of values

• A single character in a numbering system. In decimal, digits
are 0 through 9. In binary, digits are 0 and 1.
• Describes any system based on discontinuous data or
events.
• Computers are digital machines because at their most
basic level they can distinguish between just two values, 0
and 1, or off and on.
• All data that a computer processes must be encoded
digitally, as a series of zeroes and ones.
Merits of Digital Systems

• Efficient Processing and Data Storage

• Efficient and Reliable Transmission
• Detection and Correction of Errors
• Precise and Accurate Reproduction
• Easy Design and Implementation
• Occupy minimum space
 Information Processing

• Numbers ,Text , Formula and Equations

• Drawings and Pictures
• Sound and Music
• A computer which is a digital system can process different types of
information
• It can handle numbers and perform arithmetic operations on the
numbers
• It can handle text and perform editing operations on text
• It can handle mathematical and scientific formulas
• It can handle drawings and pictures
• It can process sound and music
Binary Numbers
Examples of Digital Devices

• Digital watch displays the time that does not vary

continuously but changes from one discrete value to the
other.
Examples of Digital Devices

• Digital Scoreboard directly counts discrete values such as

the time left to play and the score of each team.
What is DLD?

• Digital logic design is a system in electrical and computer

engineering that uses simple number values to produce
input and output operations.
• As a digital design engineer, you may assist in developing
cell phones, computers and related personal electronic
devices.
• Digital logic design is the basis of electronic systems, such
as computers and cell phones.
Cont.…

• A digital computer manipulates discrete elements of

information and that these elements are represented in the
binary form.
• Operands used for calculations may be expressed in the
binary number system.
• Quantities are stored in binary storage elements.
Cont…

• Digital logic is rooted in binary code, which make

information through zeroes and ones.
• This system facilitates the design of electronic circuits that
convey information, including logic gates with functions
that include AND, OR and NOT commands.
• The value system translates input signals into specific
output. These functions facilitate computing, robotics and
other electronic applications.
Logic Gate

• Each gate is shown to have two inputs except for the NOT
gate.
• All logic gates always have a single output.
• The Integrated Circuit shows a NAND Gate IC which has
four dual input NAND gates.
• Such ICs with different gates are available and used for

Vcc

13

12

11

10

8
implementing digital circuits.
7400

NAND Gate IC

G N D
4

6
1

3
Logic Gates
Logic Gate
Logic Gate and Behavior
Combinational Circuits

• Combination of Logic Gates

• Adder Combinational Circuit

• The Logic gates by them selves are not able to do anything

useful. These gates have to be connected together to form
a circuit which is able to perform some useful function. A
circuit formed by the combination of logic gates is known
as a combinational circuit.
• An Adder combination circuit is shown in the diagram.
Adder Combinational Circuit

•An Adder circuit is formed by the combination

of AND, OR and XOR gates and is able to add
two single bit binary numbers.

•Combinational circuits perform an operation

on the input binary information and results in
an output.

•Many of these combinational circuits that

perform a specific function such as addition are
available functional devices.
Functional Devices

• Commonly used functional ICs

• Comparators
• Encoders/Decoders
• Multiplexers/Demultiplexers
Sequential Circuits

• Memory Element
• Current & Previous State
• Counters & Registers

• Digital systems are being used in a wide variety of applications. A large

number of these digital systems generate an output based on not only
the current information but some previously stored information.
• Consider a timer circuit, counting in reverse from 10 to 0. The timer
circuit decrements the count by 1 each time it receives an input signal.
The new count value is dependent on the previous count value.
• Consider the block diagram of a Sequential circuit.
Block Diagram of a Sequential Circuit

Input 1
a1 b1
5

Output
Combinational
2 6
a2 b2

Logic Circuit

1 5
a1 b1

Memory Element
 microwave example

• The Sequential circuit consists of a Combinational part and a memory

element.
• Consider the timer of a microwave oven.
• You key in the time to cook your favourite dish.
• The microwave display unit displays the cooking time.
• The memory element of the microwave oven sequential circuit stores
the cooking time.
• The cooking time is decremented by 1 after every second when a new
input signal is received at the input of the combinational part of the
Sequential circuit.
• Ultimately, when the cooking time decrements to zero and the
memory element stores zero , the next input signal sounds an alarm
and turns the microwave off.
Number System

• A set of values used to represent different quantities is

know as Number System.

• For Example, a number system used to represent the

number of students in a class.
Number System

• Decimal (0-9)
• Binary (0,1)
• Octal (0-7)
• Hexadecimal (0-15) {0-9, A, B, C, D, E, F}
A=10
B=11
C=12
D=13
E=14
F=15
Base of Number Systems

• Base of Decimal is 10 i.e (97)10

• Base of Binary is 2 i.e (110010)2
• Base of Octal is 8 i.e (97)8
• Base of Hexadecimal is 16 i.e (E6)16