Chapter No-1-Fundamentals of Solid Waste Managements

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Chapter No-1
Fundamentals of Solid Waste Managements
( Min Marks-06 and Max Marks-09)
Created By
Mr. ASHISH D. KALE
Lecturer and Head Of Civil Department
K.K.Wagh Polytechnic,Nashik
Fundamentals of Solid Waste Managements
1.1 Definition of solid waste

1.2 Meaning of different solid waste - Domestic waste,
commercial waste, industrial waste, market waste, agricultural
waste, biomedical waste, E-waste, hazardous waste, institutional
waste, etc.
1.3 Sources of solid waste, Classification of solid waste -
hazardous and non-hazardous waste.
1.4 Physical and Chemical characteristics.
1.5 Impact of solid waste on environment.
1.6 Solid waste management techniques - Solid waste
management Hierarchy, waste prevention and waste reduction.
1.7 Factors affecting on solid waste generation.
Definition of solid waste
1. Solid waste is the unwanted or useless solid materials
generated from human activities in residential, industrial or
commercial areas.
2. Solid wastes are the organic and inorganic waste materials

such as product packaging, grass clippings, furniture,
clothing, bottles, kitchen refuse, paper, appliances, paint
cans, batteries, etc., produced in a society, which do not
generally carry any value to the first user(s).
3. Solid waste can create significant health problems and a

very unpleasant living environment if not disposed of
safely and appropriately.
Different Wastes
1. Domestic waste
 Household Waste, also known as domestic Waste or residential
Waste, is disposable materials generated by households.
 This Waste can be comprised of non-Hazardous Waste and
Hazardous Waste.
 Non-Hazardous Waste can include food scraps, paper, bottles, etc.
which can be recycled or composted. Examples of Hazardous
Waste include batteries and household cleaners.
2. Commercial waste
 Commercial waste consists of waste from premises used mainly
for the general purposes of a business or trade or for the purpose
of recreation, education, sport, or entertainment.
 It does not include household, agricultural, or industrial waste
3. Industrial Solid Waste
 The waste produced by industrial activity which includes any
material that is rendered useless during a manufacturing process
such as that of factories, industries, mills, and mining operations.
 Types of industrial waste include dirt and gravel, masonry and
concrete, scrap metal, oil, solvents, chemicals, even vegetable
matter from restaurants etc.
 Industrial waste may be solid, liquid or gaseous.
 It may be hazardous or non-hazardous waste.
4. Agricultural waste
 Agricultural waste is waste produced as a result of various
agricultural operations.
 It includes manure and other wastes from farms, poultry houses
and slaughterhouses; harvest waste; fertilizer run- off from fields;
pesticides that enter into water, air and soils.
5. Biomedical waste
 Bio-Medical Waste (BMW) Definition: As per Bio-Medical
Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 , “Bio-medical
waste is any type of waste generated during the diagnosis,
treatment of human beings or animals or in research activities
pertaining to the production of drugs in pharmaceutical
companies, animal waste generated in the veterinary hospitals and
also in the slaughter houses, etc.”
6. E-waste
 A general term applied to consumer and business electronic
equipment that is no longer functional.
 This definition for e-waste can include such things as computers,
cell phones, monitors, televisions and other electronics.
7. Hazardous waste
 Hazardous waste is waste that has substantial or potential threats to
public health or the environment.
 The four hazardous waste characteristics
are ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, and toxicity.
8. Institutional waste
 Waste material that is generated at institutions such as schools,
libraries, hospitals, and prisons.
• Hazardous waste properties that make it dangerous or potentially
harmful to human health or the environment
MSBTE Question-:Enlist The Sources of Solid Waste Generation.
SOURCES
• There are many sources of solid wastes such as :
1. Municipal solid waste – street sweeping, sewage treatment plant
waste, waste from schools and other institution.
2. Domestic waste – Garbage, rubbish, paints, paper, glasses, old
toys, old clothes, spoiled food, etc.
3. Commercial waste – From different stores and offices.
4. Mining – From coal mining, strip mining, etc.
5. Agricultural waste – Fertilizers and pesticide containers, organic
waste, etc.
6. Hospital waste – Disposable syringes, swabs, body fluids,
bandages, etc.
7. Industrial waste – solvents, resins, metals, plastics, rubber,
leather, abrasives, sludge's, etc.
8. E waste – Waste like wires, circuits, mobile phones etc.
Impact of Solid Waste Disposal on Environment
1. Open air dumping of Solid Waste creates unhygienic and poses enormous
threat to the people.
2. Causes aesthetic problem and nuisance due to nauseating bad odor.
3. Promotes spreading of diseases.
4. The situation further aggravated by the improper disposal of Hospital and

Clinical Waste.
5. Presence of extremely high level of Total and Facial coli form.
6. Pollute water bodies.
7. Carbon dioxide and Methane produced from solid waste are

extremely harmful to the environment.
8. Change in climate and destruction of ozone layer due to waste.

Factors affecting on solid waste generation.
1. Source reduction/recycling Facility Available

2. Geographic location
3. Season
4. Collection Frequency
5. Per capita income
6. Public attitudes
7. Size of households
8. Population density
9. Population increase
Solid Waste Management Hierarchy
The main aim of waste hierarchy is to generate minimum amount of
waste and obtain maximum benefits from products.
Following are the various stages in SWM Hierarchy:

1. Prevention: preventing the use of such raw material in production which
produces maximum solid waste and selecting the alternative raw materials.
2. Minimization: if such alternative raw materials are less possible then
minimize. the use of raw materials producing more waste by implementing
different techniques.
3. Reuse: it is the next desirable option in which materials some materials
are repeatedly used again and again for same purpose.
4. Recycle: In this stage collection, sorting of recyclable products is done
and then they are manufactured into new products.
5. Recovery: in this stage the recoverable materials are processed which
includes activities like recycling and composting.
6. Disposal: It is the last option and should be considered after all other
possible actions to recover that waste matter. It may includes incineration,
dumping.
Describe physical and chemical characteristics of solid wastes.
1) Physical characteristics
i) Specific Weight (Density)
•Specific weight is defined as the weight of a material per unit
volume (e.g.kg/m3)
•Usually it refers to uncompacted waste.
•It varies with geographic location, season of the year, and length of
time in storage.
ii) Moisture Content
•The moisture in a sample is expressed as percentage of the wet
weight of the MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) material.
iii) Particle Size and Distribution.
• The size and distribution of the components of wastes are important
for the recovery of materials, especially when mechanical means are
used, such as trommel screens and magnetic separators.
iv) Field Capacity
•The field capacity of MSW is the total amount of moisture which
can be retained in a waste sample subject to gravitational pull.
•Field capacity of residential and commercial sources are in the
range of 50 - 60%.
v) Permeability of Compacted Waste

• The permeability (hydraulic conductivity) of compacted solid waste
is an important physical property because it governs the movement
of liquids & gases in a landfill.
Chemical characteristics
1)Proximate Analysis
•Loss of moisture (temp held at 105 °C)
•Volatile Combustible Matter (VCM) (temp increased to 950 °C, closed
crucible)
•Fixed Carbon (residue from VCM)
•Ash (temp = 950°C, open crucible)
2)Fusing Point of Ash
•Clinker (agglomerations of carbon and metals) formation temperature,
2000 °C to 2200 °C
3)Ultimate Analysis
•Molecular composition
•Biomass constituent carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, Sulfur,
Moisture and Ash
4)Energy Content
•Determined through lab calculations using calorimeters.
Thank You

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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

1.1 Definition of solid waste

2. Solid wastes are the organic and inorganic waste materials

3. Solid waste can create significant health problems and a

2. Causes aesthetic problem and nuisance due to nauseating bad odor.

3. Promotes spreading of diseases.

4. The situation further aggravated by the improper disposal of Hospital and

5. Presence of extremely high level of Total and Facial coli form.

6. Pollute water bodies.

7. Carbon dioxide and Methane produced from solid waste are

8. Change in climate and destruction of ozone layer due to waste.

1. Source reduction/recycling Facility Available

Following are the various stages in SWM Hierarchy:

v) Permeability of Compacted Waste

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