4.

DIVERSION HEADWORK
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Weir and Barrage
4.3 Components of Diversion Headwork
4.4 Cause of Failures of Weir and their remedies
4.5 Design of Weir and Barrage
4.6 Theory of Seepage
4.6.1 Bligh’s Theory of Seepage
4.6.2 Lane’s Theory of Seepage
4.6.3 Khosla’s Theory of Seepage
Diversion Head works
Diversion Head works
 Diversion Head works
Headworks can be either diversion headworks (weir or barrage) or
storage headwork (dam)
The main differences between storage dam and weir are:
•Dams store large amounts of water and for longer durations than
storage weirs.
•Water in the reservoir never overtops the dam, but in the case of
weirs the water can flow over the weir crest.
•In the case of dams, the surplus flood water is disposed of by d/s
through spillways, but in the case of weir it is through weir crest and
under-sluice.
 Diversion Head works

Diversion Head works:- are structures which are constructed

across a river in order to divert river water towards the off-
taking canal so as to ensure a regulated continuous supply of
silt free water with a certain minimum head into the canal .

purposes of diversion head works

 Raise the water level in the river so that sufficient quantity of

water can be supplied.

 Regulate the supply of water into the canal.

 Control the entry of silt into the canal.

 Store some water for a short period of time.

 Reduce the water level fluctuations in the river.

 Diversion Head works
Location & Site selection criteria for diversion head work :
 an alluvial stage is generally preferred unless command of fertile

land proposed for irrigation is lost.

 Narrow, straight and well-defined channel.

 Confined between stable banks not submerged by the highest

flood.
 Local construction materials like sand, stone, etc. are available in

the vicinity.
 The site should be accessible.

 The elevation of the site should be much higher than the area to be

irrigated.
Diversion Head works
 Diversion Head works
Weir and Barrage
Weir: The major part of the entire ponding of water is
achieved by raised crest and a smaller part or nil part of it
is achieved by the shutter.
Barrage: The major part of pounding achieved by gates and
smaller or nil part of it is done y raised crest
 Diversion Head works
pon
Crest Level = pond d Shutt
level level er
P2= P2 Crest
0 Level
P=P P
P1
1
P1 >>
a) Without P2
b) With
shutter
Weir shutter

pon pon
d d Shutte
leve leve r
Shutte
l l
P =P2 r P
P 2 Crest
Level
P
P1= 1
0 P1 << P2
a) Without
crest
Barrag b) With crest

e
 Diversion Head works
Weir
•Weir is a solid obstruction, with which water is heading up.
•It is used to raise the water level in the river and then divert it into the
canal.
•The weirs can also be used to store surplus flood water (pondage), to
tide over the shortages likely to occur during lean months.
•High flood water passes over the crest
Barrage
•water is headed up with the help of gates.
•the crest level is maintained at a low water level which is almost in the
level of bed level of the river.
•Because gates can be lifted for passing the flood water and shut down
for storing water, control on the water level in the river is better
exercised with the help of barrage.
•However, barrages are much costlier than the weirs.
Diversion Head works
Diversion Head works
 Diversion Head works
Classification of Weirs
Based on foundation type
Weir on Impervious foundation
Weir on Pervious foundation
Based on material of construction
1.Masonry weirs with vertical drops
2.Rock fill weirs with sloping aprons
3.Concrete weirs with sloping glacis
1. Masonry weirs (vertical drops weir)
Consists of:
• Impervious horizontal floor or apron
• Masonry weir wall (with u/s & d/s faces vertical; or both faces inclined;
or u/s face vertical & d/s face inclined)
• Block protection at u/s end of floor & a graded inverted filter at the d/s
end of floor
• Launching apron after block protection & inverted filter.
• This type of weir is suitable for any type of foundation
 Diversion Head works
2. Rockfill weir with sloping aprons:
•It is the simplest type of construction and Consists of
Masonry weir wall and dry packed boulders laid in the
form of glacis or sloping aprons in the upstream and
downstream sides of the weir wall
•The downstream slope is generally made very flat.
•It requires a very large quantity of stone.
Fig. rockfill weir with sloping
•It also has few intervening core walls.
apron

3. Concrete weir with downstream glacis

•It is of recent origin and its design is based on sub-surface flow concept
•Protection works such as inverted filter; block protection and launching apron are
provided.
•May be constructed on pervious foundation.
•Sheet piles of sufficient depths are provided both at upstream and downstream
ends of the floor

Fig. concrete weir with d/s glacis

 Layout of diversion head works
Typical layout of a diversion head work consists of
1. Weir proper or Barrage
2. Divide Wall
3. Fish ladder
4. Pocket or Approach channel
5. Under sluices or Scouring sluices
6. Silt excluder
7. Canal head regulator
8. River training works (such as Marginal bunds and
Guide bunds)
Layout of diversion head works

Fig. Typical layout of Diversion-Headwork

Layout of diversion head works
Layout of diversion head works
Layout of diversion head works
Layout of diversion head works
Layout of diversion head works
Layout of diversion head works
Layout of diversion head works
 Components of a weir

a. Weir wall
 Weir wall are permanent structures constructed across the river

to rise water level.

 Components of a weir
Under sluice or scouring sluices
They are openings provided at the base of the weir or barrage &
is separated from the main weir body by divide wall.
It has a gated controlled opening which will allow excess supply to
the downstream of the river.
Functions of under-sluices
 preserve a clear and well defined river channel towards the canal

head regulator;
 scour the silt deposited on the river bed in the pocket through the

openings;
 pass low floods without the necessity of dropping the weir crest

shutters;
 help to lower the high flood level by supplementing the discharge

over the weir during high floods.

 Components of a weir
Capacity of Under-sluice
The discharging capacity of the under-sluices may be selected as
follows:
a) They should be able to ensure sufficient scouring capacity, for
which the discharging capacity should be at least twice the full
supply discharge of the main canal at its head
b) They should be able to pass the dry weather-flow and low floods
during the months excluding the rainy season, without the
necessity of dropping the weir shutters.
c) They should be able to dispose of 10 to 15% of the high flood
discharge during severe floods
 Components of a weir
Under sluice or scouring sluices
Design Considerations
 Sill of the under-sluice pocket is kept at or slightly above the
deepest river bed and about 1.2 to 1.5m below the sill of the
canal head regulator.
 The length of the under-sluice pocket between the divide wall and
the head regulator may be kept as 1.5 times the upstream length
of the divide wall
 Components of a weir
Divide wall
 Long masonry or concrete wall (an embankment protected on all
sides by stone or concrete blocks).
 It is constructed at right angles to the axis of the weir.
 Separates the under sluices from the rest of the weir.
 If two canals take off on different sides, two divide walls are
required.
 It usually extends upstream beyond the beginning of the
regulator and downstream to the launching apron.
 It may be constructed with stone masonry or cement concrete.
 The dividing wall may also serve as one of the side walls of the
fish ladders and be used as a log chute.
 Components of a weir

Main functions of divide wall:

 To separate the lower level of under sluices from the weir floor.
 Provides quiet pocket in front of the regulator so that silt deposits,
and clear water enters into the canal.
 Provides straight approach through the pocket and hence
scouring action of under sluices will be concentrated and washing
out of silt will be facilitated.
 It keeps the cross currents, if any, away from the weir.
 Components of a weir

Design Considerations of divide wall:

 The top width of divide wall is about 1.5 to 2.5 meters
 The divide wall can be designed as cantilever retaining walls subjected
to silt pressure & water pressure from the under-sluice side
 Components of a weir
River training works
 River training works are constructed near the weir site in order to insure

a smooth and axial flow near the weir site.

 The river training works required near the weir site are : Guide banks

and Marginal bunds

Guide banks: are provided on either side of the banks to direct the main
river flow as centrally as possible to the diversion structure.
Marginal bunds: are required u/s of the guide banks to stop the
submergence due to the raised high flood level caused by afflux created
by the weir.
• Marginal bunds have to be continued till they join high contours above
the high flood levels.
 Components of a weir

Fish ladder
 To avoid high destruction of migratory fishes (if any in the river)
due to obstruction of movements because of construction of weir
or barrage.
 Naturally, fish can travel u/s only if the velocity of flow does not
exceed 3 to 3.5m/s.
 So, the design of fish ladder should be such that it constantly
releases water at velocity not exceeding this value.
 Fish ladder baffles or other staggering devices are provided to
check the velocity (providing energy dissipating mechanism).
 Fish ladder is provided adjacent to divide wall near the under
sluices (b/c there is always some water in this section).
 Components of a weir
The canal head regulator:
 provided at the head of the off-taking canal, and serves the
following function:
It regulates the supply of water entering the canal
It controls the entry of silt into the canal
It prevents the river floods from entering the canal
Manually operated steel gates are provided for regulation of flow
into the canal

Fig. Typical Section of a Canal Head Regulator

 Design of Weir

Afflux: the rise in the maximum flood level (HFL) u/s of the
weir caused due to the construction of the weir across the
weir
Pond level: the water level required in the under-sluice u/s
of the canal head regulator, so as to feed the canal with its
full supply level (FSL) which depends the level of the
irrigated areas and slope the canal which generally
obtained by adding 1.0 to 1.2m to FSL
 Cause of Failures of Weirs on Permeable Foundation

1) Due to seepage or subsurface flow

2) Due to surface flow
1) Failures due to seepage or subsurface flow: the seepage may cause
the failure of a weir in two ways.
i)By piping or undermining
ii) By uplift pressure:
i) Failure by piping or undermining
The seepage water increases porosity of the soil by progressive removal
of soil from beneath foundation.
The structure may ultimately subside into the hollow so formed, resulting
in the failure of structure.
To prevent seepage or subsurface of failures:
a) Provide sufficient length of the impervious floor (so that the path of
percolation is increased) and reduce exit gradient.
b) Provide piles at upstream and downstream ends of the impervious floor
 Cause of Failures of Weirs on Permeable Foundation

ii) Failure by uplift pressure: If the uplift pressure is not counterbalanced by the
weight of the floor, it may fail by rupture.
To prevent failure by uplift:
a) Provide sufficient thickness of the impervious floor.
b) Provide pile at upstream end of the impervious floor so that uplift pressure is
reduced on the downstream side.
2) Failures due to surface flow
i) By suction due to standing wave or hydraulic jump: jump developed on the
downstream side of the weir causes suction or negative pressure acting in the
direction of uplift pressure. If the floor thickness is insufficient it may fail by rupture in
suction.
Prevention mechanism
Providing additional thickness of the impervious floor to counterbalance the suction


pressure due to standing wave.

Constructing floor as monolithic concrete mass instead of in different layers of
masonry.
 Cause of Failures of Weirs on Permeable Foundation

ii) By scour on the u/s and d/s of the weir: jump developed on the
downstream side of the weir causes suction or negative pressure
acting in the direction of uplift pressure. If the floor thickness is
insufficient it may fail by rupture in suction.
Prevention mechanism
Providing deep piles both at upstream and downstream ends of the
impervious floor.
Providing launching aprons of suitable length and thickness at
upstream and downstream ends of the impervious floor.
 Design of Weir – on pervious foundation

The design of weir/barrage consists of: hydraulic design and

structural design
Hydraulic design: deals with the evaluation of the hydraulic forces
acting on the structure and the determination of the configurations of
the structure which will be most economical and will have the best
functional efficiency.
structural design: consists of dimensioning the various parts of the
structure to enable it to resist safely all the forces acting on it.
 The hydraulic design is treated in respect of both subsurface and
surface flows.
 The various aspects of design in respect of subsurface flow involves
determination of; Uplift pressure, Exit gradient, Length of impervious
floor, depth of sheet piles or cutoffs at upstream and downstream
ends of the impervious floor; Protection works.
 Design of Weirs and Barrages: Theory of
Seepage
Theory of seepage: Method of seepage analysis
Bligh’s creep theory;
Lane’s creep theory;
Khosla’s theory
a) Bligh creep theory of seepage:
According to Bligh’s theory - “The percolating water follows the
outline of the base of the foundation of the hydraulic structure.”
The length of the path of thus traversed by water is called the
length of the creep.
The head loss is proportional to the length of the creep.
If HL the total head loss between the upstream and the down
stream, and L is the length of creep, then the loss of head per
unit of creep length (i.e. HL/L ) is called the hydraulic gradient.
Note: Bligh makes no distinction between horizontal and
vertical creep.
 Design of Weir and Barrage

 Creep length, L = b + 2d1+2d2+2d3

 Head loss per unit length or hydraulic gradient, G =

H/L
 Head losses equal to (H/L)2d , (H/L)2d and (H/L)2d
1 2 3
 Design of Weir and Barrage

i) Safety against piping:

According to Bligh, safety against piping can
be ensured by providing sufficient creep
length, which is given by: L=CH ; where, C is
Bligh's coefficient for the soil.
No Type of soil Value of Safe Hydraulic
. C gradient should be
less than
1 Fine micaceous sand 15 1/15
2 Course grained sand 12 1/12
3 Sand mixed with boulder 5 to 9 1/5 to 1/9
and gravel, and for loam
soil
4 Light sand and mud 8 1/8
 Design of Weir and Barrage

ii) Safety against uplift pressure:

The ordinates of the H.G. line above the bottom of the
floor represent the residual uplift of water head at
each point.
If h’ meters is the ordinates, then water pressure
equal to h’ meters will act at this point, and has to be
counterbalanced by the weight of the floor of thickness
say t
Uplift pressure = wh’
Down ward pressure = (w G)t
Where, w and G are the unit weight of water and the
specific gravity of the floor material respectively.
 Design of Weir and Barrage

For equilibrium :
γw h’ = (γw G)t
Subtracting t on both sides, we get :
h’- t = t(G - 1)
t = (h’-t )/(G-1) = h/(G-1) Where;
 (h’-t) = h is the ordinate of the H.G. line above the top
of the floor.
 (G-1) is the submerged specific gravity of floor material.
The thickness obtained by the above formula generally
increased by 33% for factor of safety.
 Design of Weir and Barrage

Note :
Thickness of the floor designed by the above formula
works only for the downstream floor and for the worst
condition when maximum ordinates of H.G line occur.
The water standing on the upstream floor
counterbalance the uplift caused by the same water,
and hence only a nominal floor thickness is required
on the up stream side.
Bligh’s theory is quite simple and convenient. Many of
earlier structures were designed based on this theory. It
is now used for the design of small structures or for
preliminary design of large structures.
 Design of Weir and Barrage

b) Lane’s weighted creep theory of seepage:

Unlike Bligh, Lane on the basis of his analysis carried
out on about 200 dams all over the world, stipulated
that the horizontal creep is less effective in reducing
uplift than the vertical creep.
He therefore suggested 1/3 for the horizontal creep
against 1 for the vertical creep.
Thus, the total Lane’s creep length (Lt) is given by :
Lt=(d1+d1)+1/3L1 + (d2+d2) + 1/3L2 + (d3+d3)
To ensure safety against piping to this theory, the
creep length Lt must not be less than C1HL, where HL
is the head causing flow, and C 1 is Lane’s creep
coefficient.
 Design of Weir and Barrage
No. Type of soil Value of Safe Hydraulic
C gradient should be
less than
1 Very fine sand 8.5 1/8.5
2 Fine sand 7 1/7
3 Coarse sand 5 1/5
4 Gravel and sand 3.5 to 3 1/3.5 to 1/3
5 Boulders, gravels and 2.5 to 3 1/2.5 to 1/1.6
sand
7 Clayes soils 3 to 1.6 1/3 to 1/1.6
Table: Value of Lane’s creep coefficient for different soil condition
Note: Lane’s theory was an improvement over
Bligh's theory, but it is purely empirical without
any rational basis, and hence, is generally not
adopted in any design.
 Design of Weir and Barrage

Example 1. The figure shown above shows a hydraulic

structure built on fine sand (C=15, C1=8.5), determine
a) Whether the percolation gradient is safe

b) Uplift pressure at point A, B and C at distance of 15, 25

and 35m from the upstream end
c) Thickness of the floor at these points .

Use Bligh's and Lane’s theories

 Design of Weir and Barrage

Solution (Bligh’s Theory):

a) Creep length
L= 2x6+35+2x8=63m
Hydraulic gradient i =H/L = 4/63
1/15.75 < 1/15 ….safe
Or Lmin = C*H = 15*4 = 60m < 63m -------- Safe!
b) Uplift pressure head
at point A = 4-1/15.75(2*6+15) = 2.29m
at point B = 4-1/15.75(2*6+25) = 1.65m
at point C = 4-1/15.75(2*6+35) = 1.02m
C) Thickness of the floor, t = 4/3(h/G-1)
at point A = 4/3*(2.29/2.24-1) = 2.46m
at point B = 4/3*(1.65/2.24-1) = 1.77m
at point C = 4/3*(1.02/2.24-1) = 1.1m
 Design of Weir and Barrage
Solution: (Lane’s theory):
a) Creep length ; L = 2x6+1/3*35+2x8=39.67m
Hydraulic gradient i = H/L = 4/39.7 = 1/9.92 <
1/8.5….safe
Or Lmin = C1*H = 8.5*4 = 34m < 39.67m -------- safe
b) Uplift pressure head
at point A = 4-1/9.92 (2*6+15/3) = 2.29m
at point B = 4-1/9.92 (2*6+25/3) = 1.95m
at point C = 4-1/9.92 (2*6+35/3) = 1.61m
c) Thickness of the floor, t = 4/3(h/G-1)
at point A = 4/3*(2.29/2.24-1)= 2.46m
at point B = 4/3*(1.95/2.24-1)= 2.10m
at point C = 4/3*(1.61/2.24-1)= 1.73m
 Design of Weir and Barrage

Design of weir wall:

Bligh has further given certain empirical formula for the
design of weir wall.
The base width of weir wall: Where,
 B = base width of weir wall
 h = height of weir body wall
 d = hd +Afflux
 hd = Depth attained over the crest during maximum flow
 G = Specific gravity of floor material.
 H = the total head loss
 The crest width : a = 0.552 (h + d)
 Theb base width; B = (H + d)/G
 Design of Weir and Barrage

Devices for increasing creep length:

Provide cutoffs and sheet piles- used to increase the
percolation length.
Cutoffs– are concrete made and used where impervious
materials can be reached and where boulders prevent the
use of sheet piling.
Also used for stability of the structure against sliding.
Sheet piles – Are interlocking steel sections used under the
apron.
Common depth of steel piles is 5 to 8 m but available up to
20m.
Should not be driven to a depth less than 2.5 to 3m for
economic reasons.
Most economic position of sheet piles is at the u/s end of the
floor with a desirable depth of 10 to 20% of floor length.
Design of Weir and Barrage
 Design of Weir and Barrage

c) Khosla’s theory and concept of flow nets:

The main principles of this theory are
 Seepage of water does not creep along the bottom
contour of weir floor as stated by Bligh, but moves along
a set of stream lines .
 This steady seepage in a vertical plane for a
homogeneous soil can be expressed by Laplace equation.
Where,  = Flow potential = Kh
H = the residual head at any point within the soil
 The above equation represent two set of curves
intersecting each other orthogonally. One of the lines
called stream line and the other called equipotential
line
 The resultant flow diagram showing both these sets of
curve is called a Flow net diagram
Design of Weir and Barrage
 Design of Weir and Barrage
 The seepage water exerts a force at each point in the
direction of flow and tangent to the stream lines.
 This force (F) has an upward component from the
point where the stream turns upward.
 For the soil grain to remain stable, the upward
components of this force should be counterbalanced
by the submerged weight of the soil grain.
 This has the maximum disturbing tendency at the
exit end , because the direction of this force at the
exit point is vertically upward, and full force act as
its upward components.
 The disturbing force at any point is proportional to the
gradient of pressure of water at that point (dp/dl).
 This gradient of pressure of water at the exit end is
called the exit gradient.
 Design of Weir and Barrage

Critical Exit gradient:

 The exit gradient is said to be critical when the
upward disturbing force on the grain is just
equal to the submerged weight of the grain
at the exit.
 An exit gradient equal to 1/4 to 1/5 of the critical exit
gradient is ensured, so as to keep the structure safe
against piping.
 The submerged weight (Ws) of a unit volume of soil is given
as:
Ws = γw(1-n)(G-1) where;
γw = unit weight of water
G = specific gravity of soil particles
n = porosity of the soil material
 Design of Weir and Barrage
 For critical condition to occur at the exit point
F = Ws
where, F is the upward disturbing force on the grain

F= dp/dl =γw.(dh / dl)

Where, h=residual head still to be dissipated, called
hydrostatic excess head.
γw.(dh / dl) = γw(1-n)(G-1)
(dh / dl) = (1-n)(G-1)
where, (dh/dl) represent the rate of loss of head
or the gradient at the exit end.
 Under critical condition, the critical exit gradient is equal to
(1-n)(G-1)
 Design of Weir and Barrage

 For most of the river sands, G = 2.56 and n = 0.4 the value
of critical exit gradient approximately 1.
 Hence, an exit gradient equal to ¼ to 1/5 of the critical
gradient is assumed for safety. It means that an exit
gradient equal to ¼ to 1/5 has to be provided for keeping
the structure safe against piping.
 Piping failure start only when the exit gradient is unsafe for
sub soil on which the weir is founded.
 It is therefore absolutely necessary to have a reasonable
deep vertical cutoff at the downstream end of the d/s weir
floor to prevent undermining.
 Design of Weir and Barrage

Key points: Junction points of the floor & pile lines, and
depressed floor bottom corners
For Khosla’s simple standard profiles, percentage of
pressures at various key points can be determined by:
a) Using Khosla’s pressure curves
b) Analytical solution
But, calculated percentage pressures at this simple profile
key points are valid for the complex profile if corrected for:
 Mutual interference
 Thickness of floor
 slope
Design of Weir and Barrage
 Design of Weir and Barrage

1) Correction for the mutual Interference of Piles

D d D
C 19  
b'  b 
Where;
b’ ~ distance b/n the two piles
b ~ Total length of the floor
D ~ depth of pile whose effect is to be considered
d ~ depth of pile on which the effect is considered
Take –ve for front water flow direction oriented keypoints & +ve
for backside oriented key points.
Don’t apply for outer pile if intermediate pile depth is less or
equal to that of the outer & is at a distance less than twice the
depth of the outer pile.
 Design of Weir and Barrage

2) Correction for thickness of the

floor
The standard is negligible thickness.
To correct, take proportional pressure percentage difference b/n
pile bottom and floor top surface proportional with the floor
thickness.
3) Correction for slope

 Take the following correction factor and +ve for down slope and
-ve for upslope.
1:1 - 11.2 2:1 - 6.5
3:1 - 4.5 4:1 - 3.3
5:1 - 2.8 6:1 - 2.5
8:1 - 2.0 7:1 - 2.3
Applied only for key points, located at start or end of slope
Design of Weir and Barrage
 Design of Weir and Barrage
Example 2: Determine the percentage pressures at
various key points, and also determine the exit
gradient for the figure below .
 Design of Weir and Barrage

(1) For u/s pile line No. 1

o Total length of floor, b = 57.0m
o Depth of u/s pile line = d = 154.0-148.0= 6m
α = b/d = 57/6 = 9.5
1 1 2
 5.28
2
1    2
E  cos  1   0.287 29%
   

1    1
1
D  cos   0.199 20%
   
C 100  E 71%
1
and D 100  D 80%
1
 Design of Weir and Barrage

Correction for C1:

a) Correction at C1 for mutual interference b/n pile No. 1 & 2
From the figure: D = 5m, d = 6-1 = 5m, b’ = 15.8, b = 57.0m
D d D
C 19   1.88% (Ve )
b'  b 

b) Correction due to thickness of floor

If 9% (80%-71%) difference observed through 6m then through 1m, how
much ?
C = (1m/6m)*(80% - 71%) =1.5% (+ve)
c) Correction due to slope
At “C1” correction due to slope is nil (i.e. C1 is neither at the start
nor at the end of slope)
Therefore, corrected C1 = 71% + 1.88% + 1.5% = 74.38%
 Design of Weir and Barrage

(2) For intermediate pile line No. 2

b1 = 15.8m, b2 = 40.6m and d = 6m,
b1 15.8  0.6 b2 40  0.6
1   2.73 and 2   6.77
d 6 d 6

2 2
1  1  1   2 2
1  1  1   2
2
 4.875 1   1.968
2 2
1    1
E 2 E  cos  1  1  0.708 70.8%
   

1  
D D  cos  1  1  0.632 63.2%
2
 
1   1 
C C  cos  1  1  0.564 56.4%
2
   
 Design of Weir and Barrage

Correction for E2:

a) Correction at E2 for mutual interference b/n pile No. 1 & 2
From the figure: D = 5m, d = 6-1 = 5m, b’ =15.8 and b = 57.0m
D d D
C 19   1.88% (  Ve )
b'  b 

b) Correction due to thickness of floor

If 7.6% difference observed through 6m then through 1m how much ?
C = 1m/6m*(70.8% - 63.2%) =1.27% (-ve)

c) Correction due to slope

At “E2” correction due to slope is nil
Therefore, corrected E2 = 70.8% - 1.88% - 1.27% = 67.65%
 Design of Weir and Barrage

Correction for C2:

a) Correction at C2 for mutual interference b/n pile no. 2 & 3
From the figure: D = 153-141.7 = 11.3m; d = 6-1 = 5m;
b’ = 40m; b= 57.0m D d D
C 19   2.89% (Ve )
b'  b 

b) Correction due to thickness of floor

If 7.6% difference observed through 6m then through 1m how
much ?
C = 1m/6m*(70.8% - 63.2%) =1.27% (+ve)
 Design of Weir and Barrage

c) Correction due to slope

For slope of 3:1 the correction is 4.5 (Refer table)
Horizontal length of slope = 3m
Distance b/n two piles b/n which the sloping floor is located at
b’ = 40m
Correction = 4.5*(3/40) = 0.34% (-ve)
Therefore, corrected C2 is:
C2 = 56.4% + 2.89% + 1.27% - 0.34% = 60.22%
 Design of Weir and Barrage

(3) Downstream pile line

Total length of floor = b= 57.0m
Depth of d/s pile line = d = 152-141.7= 10.3m,
α=b/d =57/10.3=5.53
1 1 2
 3.31
2
1    2
E 3 E  cos  1   0.37 37%
   
1  1   1 
D 3 D  cos   0.254 25.4%
   
 Design of Weir and Barrage

Correction for E3:

a) Correction at E3 for mutual interference b/n pile No. 2 & 3
From the figure: D=150.7-148=2.7m; d=9m; b’=40m; b= 57.0m
D d D
C 19   1.01% ( Ve )
b'  b 
b) Correction due to thickness of floor
C = 1.3m/10.3m*(37% - 25.4%) =1.46% (-ve)
c) Correction due to slope
At “ E3’’correction due to slope is nil
Therefore, corrected E3 = 37% - 1.01% - 1.46% = 34.53%
 Design of Weir and Barrage

Upstream Intermediate downstrea

Summery pile no. 1 pile no.2 m
pile no. 3

E1 = 100% E2 = 67.65% E3 = 34.53%

D1 = 80 % D2 = 63.2% D3 = 25.4%
C1 = 74.38% C2 = 60.22% C3 = 0%

From graphical method:

 Design of Weir and Barrage

Exit Gradient(GE):
Let water be headed up to pond level (RL =158.0m)
G 
H 1 Where,
E
d  
 H – Maximum seepage head =158.0-152.0 = 6m
 d – d/s cutoff depth = 152.0-141.7= 10.3 m
 b – total floor length = 57 m

α=b/d=57/10.3= 5.53 1  1  5.532

 3.31
2
H 1 6 1
GE   0.105 1 / 9.53
d   10.3  3.31
Hence, the exit gradient shall be equal to 0.105. i.e., 1 in 9.53 which is
very much safe.
Undersluice Section
Weir /Barrage Section