PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS

PythonCharacter
Set
Is a set of valid characters that python can recognize. A
character represent letters, digits or any symbol. Python
support UNICODE encodingstandard. Following are the
Pythoncharacter set
 Lette : A-Z, a-
rs z
 Special

Digits symbols:space +-*/()~`!@#$%^
: 0-9 & [{]};:‟”,<.>/?
 White spaces: Blank space, Enter, Tab

 Other character : python canprocessall ASCIIand

UNICODEasa part of data orliteral
TOKENS
In a passage of text, individual words and punctuation
marks are called tokens or lexical units or lexical
elements. The smallest individual unit in a program is
known as Tokens. Python hasfollowing tokens:

 Keywords
 Identifiers(Name)
 Literals
 Operators
 Punctuators
 KEYWORDS
Keywords are the reserved words and have special
meaning for python interpreter. Every keyword is
assigned specific work and it canbe usedonly for that
purpose.
A partial list of keywords in Python is

VINODKUMARVERMA,
PGT(CS),KVOEFKANPUR&
SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS),KVNO.1
IDENTIFIERS
Are the names given to parts of program variables,
different objects, classes, like
functions etc.
Identifier forming rules of Python are:
 Isan arbitrarily long sequenceof letters and digits

 Thefirst character mustbe letter or underscore

 Upper and lower caseare different

 Thedigits 0-9 are allowed except for first character

 It mustnot be a keyword

 No special characters are allowed other than underscore is

allowed.
 Space not allowed
The following are some valid identifiers
GradePay File_12_2018 JAMES007
GRADEPAY _ismarried _to_updat
e

The following are some invalid identifiers

Literals /
Values
 Literals are data items that have a fixed value.
Python supports several kinds of literals:
String Literal Numeric
Literals Boolean Literals
Special Literals – None
Literal Collections
String
Literals
 It is a collection of character(s) enclosed in a double or
single quotes
 Examplesof Stringliterals
“Python”
“Mogambo”
 In Python both single character or multiple characters
enclosedin quotes such as “kv”, ‟*“,‟,”+” are treated as
same
Non-Graphic (Escape)
characters
 They are the special characters which cannot be type
directly from keyboard like backspace, tabs, enter etc.
When the characters are typed they perform some
action. Theseare represented by escape characters. Escape
characters are always begins from backslash(\)
character.
List of Escape characters
EscapeSequence Whatit does EscapeSequence What it does
\\ Backslash \r Carriage return
\' Single quotes \t Horizontal tab
\” Double quotes \uxxxx Hexadecimal
value(16
bit)
\a ASCII bell \Uxxxx Hexadecimal
value(32
bit)
\b Back Space \v vertical tab
\n New line \ooo Octal value
String type in
Python
 Python allows you to have two string types:
Single Line Strings
 Thestring we create usingsingle or double quotes are
normally single-line string i.e. they mustterminate in
one line.
 For e.g if you type as
 Name="KV and press enter
 Pythonwe showyou an error “EOLwhile scanningstring
literal”
 The reason is quite clear, Python by default creates
single-line string with both single quotes and it must
terminate in the same line by quotes
String type in
Python
 Multiline String
Sometimes we need to store some text across multiple line
For that Python offers multiline string.
Tostore multiline string Python provides two ways:
(a) Byaddinga backslashat theendofnormalSingle/ Double
quotedstring.Fore.g.
>>> Name="1/6 MallRoad\
Kanpur"
>>> Name
'1/6 Mall RoadKanpur'
>>>
String type in
Python
 Multiline String
(b) Bytypingtext intriplequotationmarks
for e.g.
>>> Address="""1/7 Preet Vihar New Delhi
India"""
>>> print(Address)
1/7 Preet Vihar New Delhi
India
>>> Address
'1/7 Preet Vihar\nNew Delhi\nIndia'
 Size of

String
Python determines the size of string as the count of characters in the
string. For example size of string “xyz” is 3 and of “welcome” is 7. But if
your string literal has an escape sequence contained in it then make sure
to count the escape sequence as one character. Fore.g.

String Size
“\\" 1
“abc" 3
“\ab" 2
“Meera\‟s Toy” 11
“Vicky‟s” 7
 You can check these size using len() function of Python. For example
 >>>len("abc") and press enter, it will show the size as 3
 Size of

String
For multiline strings created with triple quotes : while calculating size the
EOL character as the end of line is also counted in the size. For
example, if you have created String Address as:
>>> Address="""Civil lines
Kanpur"""
>>> len(Address)
18
 For multiline string
created with
single/double
quotes the EOL is
not counted.
>>> data="ab\
bc\
cd"
>>> len(data)
Numeric
Literals
 Thenumericliterals in Python canbelong to any
ofthe following numerical types:
1) Integer Literals:it contain at least one digit and must
not contain decimal point. It may contain (+) or (-)
sign.
Typesof IntegerLiterals:
a) Decimal : 1234, -50, +100
b)Octal : it starts from symbol 0o (zero followed by
letter ‘o’)
 Fore.g. 0o10 represent decimal 8
Numeric
Literals
>>> num= 0o10
>>> print(num)
It will print the value 8

c)Hexadecimal : it starts from 0x (zero followed by letter ‘x’)

>>> num= 0oF
>>> print(num)
it will print the value 15
Numeric
Literals
 2) Floating point Literals: also known as real literals. Real
literals are numbers having fractional parts. It is
represented in two forms Fractional Form or Exponent
Form
 Fractional Form:it issigned or unsignedwith decimal point
Fore.g. 12.0, -15.86, 0.5, 10. (will represent 10.0)
 Exponent Part: it consists of two parts “Mantissa” and
“Exponent”.
Fore.g. 10.5 canbe represented as0.105 x 102 = 0.105E02 where
0.105 is mantissa and 02 (after letter E) is exponent
 Pointsto
remember
 Numeric values with commas are not considered int or float value, rather Python treats
them as tuple. Tuple in a python is a collection of values or sequence of values. (will be
discussed later on)
 You can check the type of literal using type() function.For e.g.
>>> a=100
>>> type(a)
<class'int'>
>>> b=10.5
>>> type(b)
<class 'float'>
>>> name="hello“
>>> type(name)
<class 'str'>
>>> a=100,50,600
>>> type(a)

<class 'tuple'>
Boolean
Literals
A Boolean literals in Python is used to represent one of the two
Boolean values i.e. Trueor False
These are the only two values supported for Boolean Literals For
e.g.

>>> isMarried=True
>>> type(isMarried)
<class 'bool'>
Special Literals
None
Python hasone special literal, which is None. It indicate absence
of value. In other languages it is knows as NULL. It is also used to
indicate the end of lists in Python.

>>> salary=None
>>> type(salary)
<class 'NoneType'>
Complex
Numbers
Complex: Complex number in python is made up of two floating point values, one
each for real and imaginary part. For accessing different parts of variable (object)
will
x; weuse x.real and x.image. Imaginary part of number is represented by
the “j”
instead of “I”, so 1+0j denotes zero imaginary.
part.
Example
>>> x = 1+0j
>>> print x.real,x.imag
1.0 0.0
Example
>>> y = 9-5j
>>> print y.real, y.imag
9.0 -5.0
 Conversion from one type to another
 Python allows converting value of one data type to another data type. If it
is done by the programmer then it will be known as type conversion or
type casting and if it is done by compiler automatically then it will be
known as implicit type conversion.
Example of Implicit type conversion
>>> x = 100
>>> type(x)
<type 'int'>
>>> y = 12.5
>>> type(y)
<type 'float'>
>>> x=y
>>> type(x)
<type 'float'> # Here x isautomatically converted to float
Conversion from one type to
another
Explicit type conversion
To perform explicit type conversion Python provide functions like
int(), float(), str(), bool()
>>> a=50.25
>>> b=int(a)
>>> print b
50
Here 50.25 is converted toint value 50
>>>a=25
>>>y=float(a)
>>>print y
25.0
 Simple Input and
Output
 In python we can take input from user using the built-in function
input().
 Syntax
variable = input(<message to display>)
Note: value taken by input() function will always be of String
type, so by
default you will not be able to perform any arithmetic operation on
variable.
>>> marks=input("Enter your marks ")
Enteryour marks100
>>> type(marks)
<class 'str'>
Here you can see even we are entering value100 but it will be treated as
string and will not allow any arithmetic operation
Reading / Input of
Numbers
 Now we are aware that input() function value will
always be of string type, but what to do if we
want number to be entered. The solution to this
problem is to convert values of input() to numeric
type using int() or float() function.
Possiblechancesof error while
taking input as numbers
1. Entering float value while converting
to int
>>> num1=int(input("Enter marks "))
Entermarks100.5
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in
<module>
ValueError: invalid literal for int()
with base 10: '100.5‘

2. Entering of values in words

rather thannumeric
>>> age=int(input("What is your age
")) What is your age Eighteen
Traceback (most recent call last):
Possiblechancesof error while
taking input as numbers
3. While input for float value mustbe compatible. For e.g. Example 1
>>> percentage=float(input("Enter percentage"))
Enter percentage 12.5.6 Traceback(mostrecentcall last):
File"<stdin>", line1, in<module>
ValueError:couldnotconvertstringtofloat:'12.5.6'

Example 2
>>> percentage=float(input("Enterpercentage"))
Enter percentage100 percent Traceback (mostrecent calllast):
File"<stdin>", line1, in<module>
ValueError:couldnotconvertstringtofloat:„100 percent'
Program
1
Opena new scriptfile and type thefollowing
code:
num1=int(input("Enter Number 1 "))
num2=int(input("Enter Number 2 "))
num3= num1+ num2
print("Result
=",num3)

Saveand executeby F5and observethe

result
Let uswrite
fewprograms
 WAPto enter length and breadth and calculate
area
of rectangle
 WAPto enter radius of circle and calculate area of
circle
 WAPto enter Name, marks of 5 subject and calculate
total & percentage of student
 WAPto enter distance in feet and convert it into
inches
 WAPto enter value of temperature in Fahrenheit
and convert it into Celsius.
 WAPto enter radius and height of cylinder
and calculate volume of cylinder.
Operators
 are symbol that perform specific operation when
applied on variables. Take a look at the expression:
(Operator)
Above
10 + 25 (Operands)
statement isan expression (combination of
operator and operands)
i.e. operator operates onoperand.
someoperator requires two operand and somerequires only one
operand to operate
Typesof
Operators
 Unary operators: are those operators that require one
operand to operate upon. Following are some unary
operators:

Operator Purpose
+ Unary plus
- Unary minus
~ Bitwise
complement
Not Logical negation
Typesof
Operators
 Binary Operators: are operator that require
those operand to s are
two some
operators:
operate upon. Following Binary
1. Arithmetic
OperatorsOperator Action
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
% Remainder
** Exponent
// Floor division
Exampl
e>>> num1=20
>>> num2=7
>>> val = num1% num2
>>> print(val)
6
>>> val = 2**4
>>> print(val)
16
>>> val =
num1/ num2
>>>
print(val)
2.857142857
142857
>>> val =
num1/ /
num2
 Bitwise
operator
Operator Purpose Action
& Bitwise AND Return1 if Bitwise operator works on
both inputs the binary value of
are 1 number not on the actual
value. For example if 5 is
^ Bitwise XOR Return 1, if the passed to these
number of 1 in operator it will work on
input isinodd
101 not on 5. Binaryof
| Bitwise OR Return1 if 5 is 101, and return the
any input is result in decimal not in
1 binary.
 Exampl
e
Binary of 12 is1100 and 7 is0111,
soapplying& 1100
0111
-------
Guessthe output with
0100 Which isequal to decimal value 4
| and ^ ?

Let usseeone practical example, Tocheck whether entered number isdivisible of 2 (or in
a power of 2 or not) like 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and soon
Tocheck this, noneed of loop, simplyfindthebitwise&ofnandn-1, if theresultis0 it meansit
isinpowerof 2 otherwise not

Here we can see 0, Here we can see

Later onby using „if‟ we can 16, it means 24 is
it means 32 is in
print meaningful power of 2 not in powerof 2
message
 Operators Purpose
<< Shift left
>> Shift right

Identity Operators
Operators Purpose
is Isthe Identity same?
is not Isthe identity not same?
Relational
Operators
Operators Purpose
< Lessthan
> Greater than
<= Lessthan or Equal to
>= Greater than or Equal to
== Equal to
!= Not equal to
 Logical
Operators
Operators Purpose
and Logical AND
or Logical OR
not Logical NOT
Assignment
Operators
Operators Purpose
= Assignment
/= Assign quotient
+= Assign sum
-= Assign difference
*= Assign product
**= Assign Exponent
//= AssignFloordivision
 Membership
Operators
Operators Purpose
in Whether variable
in sequence
not in Whether variable not
in sequence
Punctuato
rs
 Punctuatorsare symbolsthat are usedin
programming languages to organize
sentencestructure, and indicate the rhythm and
emphasisof expressions,statements, and program
structure.
 Commonpunctuatorsare: „“ # $ @ []{}=:;(),.
 Barebones of Python
Program
 It meansbasicstructureof a Python
program
 Takea look of following code:
#This program showsa program‟s component
#
Definition of function SeeYou() follows
Comments
def SeeYou():
print(“This is my function”)
Function
#Main program
A=10
Statement

B=A+20
C=A+B Expressions
Inline
if(C>=100) #checking
Comment
conditionprint(“Value isequals or more than
s

100”)
else: print(“Value Bloc
Indentation

SeeYou() islessthan100”) #Calling k

Function
Expressio
n
 Anexpression isany legal combination of
symbolsthat represents a value. Anexpression
isgenerally a
combination of operators and operands
Example:
expression of valuesonly
20, 3.14
Expression that produce a value
whenevaluated A+10
Salary * 10 / 100
 Stateme
nt
 It isa programming instruction that does something i.e.
some action takes place.
 Example

print(“Welcome to python”)
Theabovestatementcallprintfunction
When an expression isevaluated a statement is executed
i.e. someaction takes place.
a=100
b= b+ 20
 Comment
s
 Commen are additional information written in
ts which is executed a
program bynotInterpreter. by interpreter
information
ignored statements used, program
regarding Comment i.e.
flow,etc. contains
 Commentsin Python begins from #

 Python supports3 ways to enter comments:

1. Ful line comment

2. Inline comment
3. Multiline comment
 Comment

sFull line comment
Example:
#Thisisprogramofvolumeof
cylinder
 Inline comment

area=
Examplelength*breadth #
 Multiline comment calculatingareaofrectangle
Example 1 (using #)
# Programname:area
ofcircle
# Date:20/07/18
#Language:Python
Comment
s
Multiline comment(using“ “ “) triple
quotes
Example
““ “
Programname:swappingoftwonumber
Dat : 20/07/18
e :byusingthirdvariabl
””” Logic e
 Function
s
Function is a block of code that has name and can be reu
specifying its name in the program where needed. It is create
def keyword.
Example
defdrawline():
print(“======================“)
print(“WelcometoPython”)
drawline()
print(“Designed by ClassXI”)
drawline()
Block and Indentation
 Group of statement is known as block like
function, conditions or loop etc.
 For e.g.
def area():
a = 10
b=5
c=

a*b
Indentation means
extra space before
writing any statement.
Variables
 Variables are named temporary location used to store values
which can be further used in calculations, printing
result etc. Every variable must have its own Identity, type
and value.
Variable in python is created by assigning value of
simply desired type to them.
 Fore.g
 Num= 100
 Name=“James”
 Variables
 Note: Python variables are not storage containers like ot
programming language. Letus analyze by example.
 In C++, if we declare a variable radius:

radius= 100
[suppose memory address is 41260]
Now
we again assign new value to radius
radius= 500
Now the memory address will
be still same only
value will change
Variables
Now let us take example of Python:
radius = 100 [memory address 3568]

radius = 700 [memory address 8546]

Now you can see that In python, each time you assign
new value to variable it will not use the same memory
address and new memory will be assigned to variable.
In python the location they refer to changes every time
their value change.(This rule is not for all types of
variables)
 LvaluesandRvalues
 Lvalue : that on the hand Side of
expression comes Left
Assignment. that on the hand Side of
 Rvalue : comes Right
expression
Assignment
Lvalue refers to object to which you can assign value. It
refers to memory location. It can appear LHS or RHS of
assignment
Rvalue refers to the value we assign to any variable.
it can appear on RHS of assignment
Lvalues and Rvalues
For example (valid useof Lvalue and Rvalue)
x = 100
y = 200

Invalid useof Lvalue andRvalue

100 = x
200 = y
a+b = c

Note: values cannot comes to assignment. LHS must be a

the left of memory location
 Multiple

Assignments
Python is very versatile with assignments. Let us see in how
different ways we can use assignment in Python:
1. Assigning same value to multiple variable
a = b = c= 50
2. Assigning multiple values to multiple variable
a,b,c = 11,22,33

Note: While assigning values through multiple assignment remembe tha

Pythonfirstevaluates theRHSand thenassigns themtoLHS , r t

Examples
:
Multiple Assignments
x,y,z = 10,20,30 #Statement
z,y,x = x+1,z+10,y-10 1
print(x,y,z) #Statement
Output will 2
be 10 40 11
Now guessthe output of following codefragment
x,y = 7,9
y, z =x-2, x+10
print(x,y,z)
Multiple Assignments
Let us take another example

y, y = 10, 20

In above code first it will assign 10 to y and again it

assign 20 to y, so if you print the value of y it will print
20

Now guess the output of following code

x, x = 100,200
y,y = x + 100, x+200
print(x,y)
Variable
definition
 Variable in python is create when you assign value to it
i.e. a variable is not create in memory until some value is
assigned to it.
Let us take as example(if we execute the following code)
print(x)
Python will show an error "x" not defined
So to correct the above code:
x=0
print(x) #now it will show
no error
Dynamic
Typing
 In Python, a variable declared as numeric type can be
further usedto store string type or another.
 Dynamic typing means a variable pointing to a value of
certain type can be made to point to value/object of
different type.
 Lets us understand with example
x = 100 # Numeric type
print(x)
x=“KVians” # nowx point to string type
print(x)
Dynamic
Typing

x=100 x int: 100

x= “KVians” int:100

x
string:KVians
 Caution with Dynamic
Typing
 Always ensure correct operationduring dynamic
typing. If types are not used correctly
Python may raise an error.
Take an example x

= 100
y= 0
y= x/
2
print(y)
x='Exam'
y= x/
2 #
Determining type of
variable
Python provides function to check the datatype
type() variables. of
>>> salary=100
>>> type(salary)
<class 'int'>
>>> salary=2000.50
>>> type(salary)
<class 'float'>
>>> name="raka"
>>> type(name)
<class 'str'>
Output through
print()
 Python allows to display output using print().
 Syntax:
print(message_to_print[,sep=“string”,end=“string”])
Example 1
print(“Welcome”)
Example 2
Age=20
print(“Your age
is“, Age)
Output through
print()
Example 3
r = int(input("Enter Radius "))
print("Area of circle is ",3.14*r*r)

Note: from the Example 2 and Example 3 we can observe that

while printing numeric value print() convert it into equivalent
string and print it. In case of expression (Example 3) it first
evaluate it and then convert the result to string before
printing.
Output through
print()
Note:
print() automatically insert space between different
values given in it. The default argument of sep
parameter of print() is space(‘ ‘ ) .
Example
print(“Name is”,"Vicky”)
Output
Name is Vicky
Output through
print()
Note:
Python allows to change the separator string.
Example
print(“Name is”,”Vicky”,”Singh”,sep=“##”)
Output
Name is ##Vicky##Singh
Output through
print()
Note
:Be default each print statement print the to next
value line. The default value of end is “\n”
Example
print(“Learning Python”)
print(“Developed by Guido Van Rossum”)
Output Learning Python
Developed by Guido Van Rossum
Output through
print()
Note:
We can change the value of end to any other value.
Example
print(“Learning Python”,end=“ “)
print(“Developed by Guido VanRossum”)
Output
Learning Python Developed by Guido Van
Rossum
Output through
print()
Canyou Guessthe
output Name=“James”
Salary=20000
Dept=“IT”
print(“Name
is“,Name,end=“@”)
print(Dept)
print(“Salary is
“,Salary)
Justa
minute…
 What isthe difference between keywords
and identifiers
 What are literals in Python?

Howmanytypes of literals in python?

 What will be the size of following string

„\a‟ , “\a” , “Reena\‟s”, „\”‟, “It‟s”, , “ “ “XY

“XY\ YZ””
YZ” ”
 Howmanytypes of String inpython?
Justa
minute…
 The following code is not giving desired output. We want to
enter value as100 and obtain output as 200.
Identify error and correct the program

num=input("enter any number")

double_num= num* 2
Print("Double
of",num,"is",double_num)
Justa
minute…
 Why the following code isgiving
error?

Name="James"
Salary=20000
Dept="IT"
print("Name
is",Name,end='@') print(Dept)
print("Salary is ",Salary)
 Justa
minute…
 WAP to obtain temperature in Celsiusand convert it
into Fahrenheit.
 What will be the
output of following
code: x, y
= 6,8
x,y = y, x+2
print(x,y)
 What will be the
output of
following code: