Madhav

Institute
of
Technology

Database Management System &

Science
Gwalior (M.P.)
(Deemed
University)

By

Prof. Ramnaresh Sharma

Assistant Professor
Centre for Artificial Intelligence
Structure of Relational Model:
The structure of a relational database is designed to store, organize, and manage Madhav
Institute
data using a collection of related tables. Each table in a relational database holds of
data about a specific entity, and relationships between these entities are Technology
&
established through keys. Below is the structure of a relational database: Science
Gwalior (M.P.)
1. Tables (Relations): (Deemed
•Definition: The core components of a relational database are tables. Each table University)

represents a specific entity (e.g., "Customers", "Orders", "Products").

•Structure: Tables are organized into rows and columns, where each row
corresponds to a single record, and each column corresponds to an attribute of
that entity.
•Example: A "Customers" table might include columns like CustomerID, Name,
Address, and PhoneNumber.
Structure of Relational Model:
Columns (Attributes or Fields):
•Definition: Columns define the type of data stored in the table. Each column has
a name and a data type (e.g., INTEGER, VARCHAR, DATE).
•Role: Columns are the properties or attributes of the entity that the table
represents.
•Example: In a "Products" table, columns could include ProductID,
ProductName, Price, and StockQuantity.

3. Rows (Records or Tuples):

•Definition: Each row in a table represents a single, unique record or instance of
the entity described by the table.
•Example: A row in a "Customers" table might represent a specific customer,
with values in each column corresponding to that customer's details (e.g., 1, "John
Doe", "123 Main St", "555-1234").
Structure of Relational Model:
Primary Key:
•Definition: A primary key is a unique identifier for each record in a table. It ensures that
each row can be uniquely identified.
•Role: The primary key column (or combination of columns) must have unique values for
each row and cannot contain NULL values.
•Example: CustomerID in a "Customers" table might be the primary key, ensuring that no
two customers have the same CustomerID.

5. Foreign Key:
•Definition: A foreign key is a column (or set of columns) in one table that establishes a
link to the primary key in another table.
•Role: Foreign keys create relationships between tables, enabling the relational aspect of
the database.
•Example: An OrderID column in an "OrderItems" table might be a foreign key that links
to the OrderID primary key in an "Orders" table.
Structure of Relational Model:
Indexes:
•Definition: Indexes are special database objects that improve the speed of data retrieval
operations on a table.
•Role: Indexes help the database quickly locate data without having to scan every row in a
table.
•Example: An index on the CustomerID column in the "Customers" table would speed up
queries searching for a customer by their ID.
7. Relationships:
•One-to-One: A single row in one table is associated with a single row in another table.
•One-to-Many: A single row in one table is associated with multiple rows in another table.
•Many-to-Many: Multiple rows in one table are associated with multiple rows in another
table, typically managed through a junction table.
•Example: In an "Orders" table, a CustomerID foreign key might establish a one-to-many
relationship with the "Customers" table, indicating that each customer can place multiple
orders.
Structure of Relational Model:
• Schemas:
• Definition: A schema is a logical container for database objects like tables, views, andMadhav
Institute
indexes. of
Technology
• Role: Schemas help organize and group related objects within the database, often &
Science
reflecting different areas or modules of the application. Gwalior (M.P.)
(Deemed
• Example: A database for an e-commerce platform might have schemas for "Sales", University)
"Inventory", and "CustomerService".
• 9. Constraints:
• Not Null: Ensures that a column cannot have NULL (empty) values.
• Unique: Ensures that all values in a column are unique across rows.
• Check: Ensures that all values in a column meet a specific condition.
• Default: Automatically assigns a default value to a column if no value is provided.
• Foreign Key Constraint: Ensures referential integrity by restricting actions that
would break links between tables.
Structure of Relational Model:

•Relationships:
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•Relationships define the associations or interactions between entities. For example, a Institute
of
Student enrolls in a Course. Technology
•Relationship Set: A collection of similar relationships. For instance, the set of all &
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instances where students enroll in courses. Gwalior (M.P.)
(Deemed
•Degree of Relationship: University)

•The degree refers to the number of entities involved in a relationship.

•Unary (1-degree): A relationship involving one entity set (e.g., an employee
supervises themselves).
•Binary (2-degree): Involves two entity sets (e.g., Student enrolls in Course).
•Ternary (3-degree): Involves three entity sets (e.g., a Doctor treats a Patient using a
Medication).
Structure of Relational Model:
Cardinality:
• Specifies the number of instances of one entity that can be
associated with instances of another entity.
– One-to-One (1:1): Each entity in the relationship will have exactly one
related entity.
– One-to-Many (1
– ): An entity on one side of the relationship can be related to many entities
on the other side.
– Many-to-One (M:1): Many entities on one side of the relationship are
related to a single entity on the other side.
– Many-to-Many (M
– ): Entities on both sides of the relationship can have multiple related
entities.
Structure
• Views: of Relational Model:
• Definition: A view is a virtual table that is based on the result of a
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SELECT query. Institute
of
• Role: Views allow users to simplify complex queries, present data Technology
differently, or restrict access to specific rows or columns. &
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• Example: A view might join the "Customers" and "Orders" tables to Gwalior (M.P.)
(Deemed
show a report of customer orders. University)

• 11. Stored Procedures and Functions:

• Definition: Stored procedures are precompiled SQL code that can be
executed as a single unit, and functions are similar but often return a
value.
• Role: These help automate tasks, enforce business logic, and
encapsulate complex operations.
• Example: A stored procedure might automatically calculate and apply
discounts to orders above a certain amount.
Structure of Relational Model:
• Triggers:
• Definition: Triggers are special procedures that automatically execute in Madhav Institute
of
response to certain events on a table (like INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE). Technology
&
• Role: Triggers are used for enforcing complex business rules, auditing changes, Science
Gwalior (M.P.)
and maintaining derived data. (Deemed
University)
• Example: A trigger might update the "LastUpdated" timestamp column in a
table whenever a record is modified.
–.
 Madhav
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Technology
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Thank You
Science
Gwalior (M.P.)
(Deemed
University)