PHILOSOPHY

PHILO means love, Sophia means wisdom.

Science that by natural light of reason studies

the first causes or highest principles of all
things
 STUDY
SCIENCE LIGHT OF OF ALL
INVESTIGATION
SYSTEMATIC
REASON THINGS
NATURAL CAPACITY TO HUMAN BEINGS
THINK SOCIETY
HUMAN REASON ALONE RELIGION
LANGUAGE
GOD
PLANT
FIRST CAUSES OR HIGHEST
PRINCIPLE
PRINCIPLE OF IDENTITY – WHATEVER IS AND WHATEVER IS NOT IS NOT; EVERYTHING IS WHAT IT IS.
EVERYTHING IS ITS OWN BEING, AND NOT BEING IS NOT BEING.
 FIRST CAUSES OR HIGHEST
PRINCIPLE
PRINCIPLE OF NON-CONTRADICTION – IT IS IMPOSSIBLE FOR A THING TO BE AND NOT TO BE AT THE SAME TIME,
AND AT THE SAME RESPECT.
 FIRST CAUSES OR HIGHEST
PRINCIPLE
PRINCIPLE OF EXCLUDED MIDDLE – A THING IS EITHER IS OR IS NOT; EVERYTHING MUST BE EITHER BE OR NOT BE;
BETWEEN BEING AND NOT-BEING, THERE IS NO MIDDLE GROUND POSSIBLE.
FIRST CAUSES OR HIGHEST
PRINCIPLE
PRINCIPLE OF SUFFICIENT REASON – NOTHING EXISTS WITHOUT A SUFFICIENT REASON FOR ITS BEING AND
EXISTENCE.
 METAPHYSICS – EXTENSION OF A
FUNDAMENTAL AND NECESSARY DRIVE IN EVERY
HUMAN BEING TO KNOW WHAT IS REAL.

BRANCHES OF ETHICS – A STUDY OF NATURE OF

MORAL JUDGMENTS.
PHILOSOPHY

EPISTEMOLOGY – DEALS WITH NATURE,

SOURCES, LIMITATIONS, AND VALIDITY OF
KNOWLEDGE.
 LOGIC – STUDY OF REASONING, OR THE STUDY
OF THE PRINCIPLES AND CRITERIA OF VALID
INFERENCE AND DEMONSTRATION, ATTEMPTS TO
DISTINGUISH GOOD REASONING FROM BAD
REASONING

EXISTENTIALISM – INDIVIDUAL’S
BRANCHES OF EXISTENCE AND HIS/HER PARTICULAR LIFE
EXPERIENCE
PHILOSOPHY

PHENOMENOLOGY – CAREFUL
INSPECTION AND DESCRIPTION OF PHENOMENA
OR APPEARANCES, DEFINED AS ANY OBJECT OF
CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE.
 AESTHETICS – DEALS WITH THE NOTION OF
BEAUTY AND THE PHILOSOPHY OF ART.

BRANCHES OF
PHILOSOPHY

POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY – STUDIES

THE CONCEPT OF LIBERTY JUSTICE, PROPERTY,
RIGHTS, LAW, AND THE ENFORCEMENT OF A
LEGAL CODE BY AUTHORITY.
 COSMOLOGY – seeks to understand the
origin, evolution, structure, and ultimate fate of the
Universe at large, as well as the natural laws that
keep it in order.

METAPHYSICS ONTOLOGY - is the investigation into

what types of things there are in the world
and what relations these things bear to one
another. It deals with questions concerning
what entities exist or can be said to exist,
and how such entities can be grouped,
related within a hierarchy, and subdivided
according to similarities and differences
 INDUCTIVE REASONING - moves
from specific premises to a
general conclusion

LOGIC

DEDUCTIVE REASONING - moves

from a general truth to a more specific
conclusion.
 TRUTH is defined as being in accordance
with fact and reality, sometimes considered as a
fidelity to an original or standard.

METHODS OF
DOING
PHILOSOPHY
OPINION is defined as a view or judgment
formed by a person about something, which is not
necessarily based on fact or knowledge.
 FALLACIES –defect in an argument other than it having false premises.

• APPEAL TO PITY (ARGUMENTUM AD MISERICORDIAM) – kind of appeal to emotion

in which someone tries to win support for an argument or idea by exploiting his or
her opponent’s feelings of pity or guilt.
• APPEAL TO IGNORANCE (ARGUMENTUM AD IGNORANTIAM) – whatever has not
been proved false must be true, and vice versa.
• EQUIVOCATION – This is a logical chain of reasoning of a term or a word several
times, but giving the particular word a different meaning each time.
• COMPOSITION – This infers that something is true of the whole from the fact that it
is true of some part of the whole.
• DIVISION – logically that something true of a thing must also be true of all or some
of its parts.
• AGAINST THE PERSON (ARGUMENTUM AD HOMINEM) – fallacy attempts to link the
validity of a premise to a characteristic or belief of the person advocating the
premise.
• APPEAL TO FORCE (ARGUMENTUM AD BACULUM) – an argument that
appeals or exploits people’s vanities, desire for esteem, and anchoring on
popularity.
• FALSE CAUSE – coincidental correlation, or correlation not causation.
• HASTY GENERALIZATION – commits errors if one reaches an inductive
generalization based on insufficient evidences.
• BEGGING THE QUESTION (PETITIO PRINCIPII) – proposition to be proven
is assumed implicitly or explicitly in premise.
Thales of Miletus – water
Anaximenes – Air
Heraclitus – fire
Phytagoras - led a religious sect and believed that all of reality is
governed by mathematics
Zeno of Elea is best known for his paradoxes, including the famous
'Achilles and the Tortoise =The illusion of motion
Anaximander = unexplainable substance = The Boundless
Parmenides = motion is an illusion and used complex reasoning to
deny the concept of change
Empedocles = Earth, water, and fire.
Democritus = proposed the theory of atomos, which became
foundational to modern Chemistry?