PARTS OF SPEECH

FUNCTIONAL
ENGLISH
COURSE CODE:1118
Course Instructor:Ms.Ayesha Jawaid
NOUN & ITS
KINDS
• A noun is a person, place, The bakery has
thing, or idea. fresh baked
goods.
• Nouns are the subject of a
sentence.
Hina is a pro-golfer.

Love is a
beautiful
The dog was thing.
lonely for me.
Person Place
TYPES OF NOUNS

Thing Idea
 TYPES OF NOUNS
• Common/ Proper
• Abstract/ Concrete
• Collective
• Countable/Uncountable
• Plural/ Singular
• Possessive
A noun will always be a person, place, thing or idea!
 COMMON/ PROPER NOUNS

• A common noun is a general name for a person,

place, thing or idea.
Example- theater ,chair, table….etc
• A proper noun is a name of a specific person,
place, thing or idea.
Example- Palace Theater ,Quaid-e- Azam, Badshahi
Mosque ….etc
• Only proper nouns need to be capitalized, so a big
clue is if the noun is capitalized.
 CONCRETE NOUNS

• These nouns are the ones we can visualize.

Examples: Table, Rock, Flag, Hairdresser
• …you can SEE
• …you can TOUCH
• …you can TASTE
• …you can HEAR
• … you can SMELL
 CONCRETE NOUNS HAVE
SIGHT, TOUCH, HEAR, SMELL, TASTE

D i st
Leav
Touch

urba
es-

n
ce-
Hea
r

Stench- Smell Sour- Taste

Smoke- Sight
 ABSTRACT NOUNS

• These nouns are usually ideas or concepts with no

clear visual image.
…Ideas
…Thoughts
…Feelings/ Emotions
…Concepts

• Examples- Sincerity, Anger, Happiness, Hope, Love,

Intelligence
THINK OF AN IMAGE FOR HOPE

Everyone has a different image in mind!

These abstract nouns can only be described

and imagined.

This is why abstract nouns often have symbols

to show meaning.
 COUNTABLE/UNCOUNTABLE
NOUN
• The things which we can count are called
countable nouns. For example chairs, pens
and students.
• The things which we can not count are called
uncountable nouns. For example oil, milk and
water.
 COLLECTIVE NOUNS

Collective nouns name a group of people or

things.
Examples- crew, cast, audience, class,
committee
 PLURAL/ SINGULAR
(Z,CH,SH,X,SS,O+CONSONANT(Y)
WATCHES,WASHES,FIXES,MISSES,DOES..)

Singular Rule Plural

boy, girl Add -s boys, girls

echo, hero Add –es to a few -o echoes, heroes

endings
box, church Add –es to -s, -sh,-ch, boxes, churches
-x, -z endings
melody, fly Change –y to –i and melodies, flies
add -es to –y endings.
monkey, day If a vowel comes monkeys, days
before the -y, add –s.
thief, half Change –f to –v, add – thieves, halves
es to most.
roof, cuff Add –s to a few –f roofs, cuffs
endings
corn, tuna, fish Same spelling corn, tuna, fish

woman, foot Irregular plural forms women, feet

 POSSESSIVE NOUNS

• A possessive noun shows ownership. It uses

an apostrophe (‘) or an apostrophe plus an –s
on the end.
• Examples:
The boys’ basketball team is walking down the
hall.
I borrowed my sister’s shirt.
PRONOUN &
ITS KINDS
• A pronoun is word that takes the
place of a noun. Instead of saying
“Asia likes to eat”, you could say,
“She likes to eat.” What is the
pronoun in the following sentence?
I sing loudly in the shower.
a. sing
b. loudly
c. I
• Awesome! I is the pronoun
because it takes the place of a
noun. I replaces someone more
specific like girl, boy, Bob, or
Mrs. Ryan.
PRONOUN TYPES:
1.Possessive: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours,
whose, theirs
2.Demonstrative: this, that, these, those
3.Objective: me, you, him, her, it, us, whom,
them
4.Subjective: I, you, he, she, it, we, who, they
Reflexive: myself, yourself, himself, herself,
ourselves, themselves
5.Indefinite: anybody, everybody, nobody,
somebody
PRONOUN PRACTICE
Identify the pronouns in the following sentences:

1. They have never been so happy.

2. It was a really good day today.
3. She was upset with herself for failing it.
4. You and I should take a walk.
5. The candy is neither yours nor mine.
*Your turn! Write 2 sentences and identify the
pronouns in the sentences.
VERB & ITS
KINDS
 VERB

• Verb is a word that is used to describe an action, state, or

occurrence and forming the main part of predicate of a
sentence. In different languages it used for agreement with
the subject and for tenses.
Examples
 Ali laughs.
 Usama runs fast.
 Eeshan eats mangoes.
 Arman is writing a book.
 DEFINITION

• Verb is the key word in the most

sentences, some time it travels
what is happening, some time it
declares something, some time
asks question, some time
conveys a command, or
expresses a wish or possibility.
 IMPORTANT POINT:

• In fact there is no any sentence or any question

without a verb in this way this is one of the most
important parts of speech. And there are many
English words those can be nouns or verbs, with
the exact same spelling. A verb can be considered
as one of the most important parts of a sentence.
You probably already know that a sentence must
be composed of a subject and a predicate.
Without it, there won’t be a sentence, just a
bunch of words with an incomplete thought.
 THE TYPES OF VERB ARE
FOLLOWING

• Action Verb
• Transitive
• Intransitive
• Helping Verb
• Linking Verb
• Auxiliary Verb( also included in helping verb)
• Stative verbs
• Model Verbs
• Phrasal Verbs
• Irregular Verbs
 ACTION VERBS

• Action verbs express specific

actions,
• Used any time you want to
show action or
• Discuss someone doing
something.
Action Verb: Expresses physical
or mental activity.
(*Something you can actually do)

Cook Thought
Go
Ride Talk

Run Jump
Study
 HELPING VERBS

Modal Auxiliary
Verbs: can
could
To be: am, is, are, was, may
were, be, been might
will
To have: have, has, would
had shall
should
To do: do, does, did must
ought to
 LINKING VERBS

• Some main verbs are called linking

verbs (or copular verbs). These
verbs are not followed by objects.
Instead, they are followed by
phrases which give extra
information about the subject (e.g.
noun phrases, adjective phrases,
adverb phrases or prepositional
phrases).
 HERE IS THE LIST:

• Be, am, is, are, was, were, has been, any

other form of the verb “be”, become, and
seem.

• There are other verbs that can be both

linking verbs and action verbs. All of the
sense verbs; look, smell, touch, appear,
sound, taste, and feel can be linking verbs.
Other examples of verbs that can be linking
verbs and action verbs include turn, remain,
prove, and grow.
 EXAMPLES
• In each example, the linking verb is
highlighted and the subject is bold.
• Alan is a vampire.

• (Here, the subject is re-identified as a

vampire.)
• Alan is thirsty.

• (Here, the subject is described as

thirsty.)
 EXAMPLES

• William is excited about his promotion.

• She appears upset about the announcement.
• The eggs smell rotten.
• He went red after tripping on the rug.
• Your plans for the wedding sound nice.
• You look exhausted after studying all night.
• I am putty in his hands.
• Maria might have been more forthcoming with the news.
• Tom acted nervous when the teacher found the note.
• The audience fell silent when the conductor walked on
stage.
• Dreams come true when we believe in them.
Linking verbs do not show action. They connect the
subject of the verb to more information about the
subject.

• Sentence with action verb

Subject Action Verb Object
John is texting his friends.

• Sentences with linking verbs

Subject Linking Verb (Noun) Subject
Complement
Lisa was a student.

Subject Linking Verb

(Adjective)Subject Complement

The course seems interesting.

Helping verbs (or auxiliary verbs) come before the main

 AUXILIARY VERBS

• Auxiliary verbs are also

known as helping verbs, and
are used together with a
main verb to show the verb’s
tense or to form a question
or negative.
 STATIVE VERBS

• Stative verbs can be recognized

because they express a state
rather than an action. They
typically relate to thoughts,
emotions, relationships, senses,
states of being, and
measurements.
like know belong
love realise fit
hate suppose contain
want mean consist
understan
need seem
d
prefer believe depend
agree remember matter
mind recognise see
look
Complete each sentence using the stative verb from the
parenthesis:

1. Do you _________ the answer? (depend on, know, include)

2. Jim _________ dessert every day. (has, eats, possesses)
3. I _________ good about the race’s outcome. (am, were,
feel)
4. She _________ her mother. (imagines, resembles, walks
with)
5. Do you _________ they will win? (think, involve, promise)
6. They really _________ everything you did for them.
(include, appreciate, dislike)
7. I think the teacher was _________ with my speech.
(involved, measured, satisfied)
8. Can you _________ the coffee brewing? (feel, smell, dislike)
9. I still _________ a lot of money on my student loans.
(deserve, owe, involve)
10. You _________ more shoes than anyone else I know!
(dislike, suppose, have)
Answers:
1 – know,
2 – has,
3 – feel,
4 – resembles,
5 – think,
6 – appreciate,
7 – satisfied,
8 – smell,
9 – owe,
10 – have
 MODAL VERBS

• Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are used

to express abilities, possibilities, permissions,
and obligations.
 PHRASAL VERBS

• Phrasal verbs aren’t single words;

instead, they are combinations of
words that are used together to
take on a different meaning to that
of the original verb.
• It contains of a verb with a
preposition or adverb or both.
 IRREGULAR VERBS

• Irregular verbs are those that

don’t take on the regular
spelling patterns of past simple
and past participle verbs.
 FORMS OF VERB
• There are three forms of verb
First form Second Past Third Form

Run Ran Run

Eat Ate Eaten
Go Went Gone
Write Wrote Written

Drink Drank Drunk

Forms of Verb

Base Do, work, love

Past Did, worked, loved

Past Participle Did, worked, loved

Present Participle(verble Doing , working , loving

adjective)

Gerund (noun) Doing, working, loving

To do, to work, to love

Infinitive
THANKS