Scribd
Upload
8 views

Complex Analysis 1

Uploaded by

thekonan726
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views

Complex Analysis 1

Uploaded by

thekonan726
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 47

Azərbaycan Dövlət

Neft və Sənaye
Universiteti

Complex
Analysis
Complex Numbers
Thus far in the course, the scalar
quantities we have used have been –
natural numbers, negative integers
and zero, rational numbers, and
irrational numbers.
Now we expand the set of scalars to
include .

In algebra, we often need to solve


quadratic equations such as
or
There is no real number that satisfies
the either polynomial equation given
above.
To permit solutions of these two and
similar equations, the set of is
introduced.
The general quadratic equation is

and its solutions are


Here the quantity in the radical

is called the .

If , then the solutions are ordinary real


numbers.

But what can we conclude about the


solutions of a quadratic equation
whose discriminant is negative, i.e.
For example, the equation has a
discriminant of .
From our experience with ordinary
algebra, it is clear that there is no real
number whose square is .
However, by writing

we see that the essence of the problem


is that there is no real number whose
To solve the problem, mathematicians
invented the imaginary unit , which
has the property that .

In terms of this imaginary unit, we can


write, for instance, .

.
The number is called the and is
defined by , where .
.
When working with products involving
square roots of negative numbers, be
sure to convert to a multiple of before
multiplying.
For instance, consider the following:
With this single addition to the real
number system, we can develop the
system of .

.
If and are real numbers, then the
number

is a , where is the and is the of the


number, and are denoted by and ,
The form is the of a complex number.

The symbol , which can stand for any


complex number, is called a .
We can consider real numbers as a
subset of the set of complex numbers
Accordingly
with . the complex numbers and
represent the real numbers and ,
respectively.
Two complex numbers and are equal
if and only if and .

If , the complex number or just is


called a .

The , or briefly , of a complex number


is .
The complex conjugate of a complex
number is often indicated by or .
The Complex Plane
Since a complex number is uniquely
determined by its real and imaginary
parts, it is natural to associate the
number with the ordered pair .

With this association, we can


graphically represent complex
numbers as points in a coordinate
plane that we call the . (This plane is an
adaptation of the rectangular coordinate
Specifically, we call the horizontal axis
the and the vertical axis the .

For instance,
shows the graph
of two complex
numbers,
and
The number is associated with the
point and the number is associated
with the point .

Another way to
represent the
complex number is
as a vector whose
horizontal
component is and
Addition and Scalar
Multiplication of Complex
Numbers
Since a complex number consists of a
real part added to a multiple of , we
define the operations of addition and
multiplication in a manner consistent
with the rules for operating with real
numbers.
For instance, to add (or subtract) two
complex numbers, we add (or subtract)
the real and imaginary parts
.

The and of and are defined as


follows:
.

.
Note in part of that the sum of two
complex numbers can be a real
Using the vector representation of complex
numbers, we can add or subtract two
complex numbers geometrically using the
parallelogram rule for vector addition, as
shown in .
Many of the properties of addition of
real numbers are valid for complex
numbers as well.addition
For instance, of complex
numbers is both and .

Moreover, to find the sum of three or


more complex numbers, we extend the
definition of addition in the natural
way:
To multiply a complex number by a
real scalar, we use the following
definition.
.
If is a real number and is a complex
number, then the of and is defined to
be
Geometrically, multiplication of a
complex number by a real scalar
corresponds to the multiplication of a
vector by a scalar, as shown in .
With addition and scalar
multiplication, the set of complex
numbers forms a vector space of
dimension two (where the scalars are
the real numbers).
Multiplication of Complex
Numbers
The operations of addition,
subtraction, and multiplication by a
real number have exact counterparts
with the corresponding vector
operations.
By contrast, there is no direct
counterpart for the multiplication of
two complex numbers.
.

The of the complex numbers and is


defined to be

Rather than try to memorize this


definition of the product of two
complex numbers, you should simply
apply the distributive law as follows.
.
.
Many computers and graphing
calculators are capable of calculating
with complex numbers.
For example, in Fortran, you express a
complex number as an ordered pair .

In Matlab, we express a complex


number as either or , where and
represent some integer or real
.
Try verifying the result of by
multiplying and both in Fortran and
in Matlab. (you should obtain the
ordered pair )
.
Use the Quadratic Formula to find the
zeros of the polynomial

and verify that for each zero.


.
Using the Quadratic Formula, we have
.

Substituting these values into the


polynomial , we have:
.
and

In , the two complex numbers and are


of each other (together they are a ).
A well known result from algebra
states that the complex zeros of a
polynomial with real coefficients must
occur in conjugate pairs. (we will say
more about complex conjugates later)
Complex Matrices
Now that we are able to add, subtract,
and multiply complex numbers, we can
apply these operations to matrices
whose entries are complex numbers.

We call such a matrix complex.

.
A matrix whose entries are complex
numbers is called a .
All of the ordinary operations for
matrices work for complex matrices, as
demonstrated in the next two
examples.
.
Let and be the complex matrices
given by
and
and determine the following matrices:
.
.
.

Find the determinant of the matrix

.
.
Many computers and graphing
calculators are capable of performing
matrix operations on complex
matrices.
Try verifying the determinant
calculation of the matrix from in
Matlab.
You should obtain the same answer, .
Thank you for attention!
.
text

text

text
.
text

text

text
text

text

text

You might also like