Scribd
Upload
41 views44 pages

Complex Analysis 2

Uploaded by

thekonan726
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
41 views44 pages

Complex Analysis 2

Uploaded by

thekonan726
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 44

Azərbaycan Dövlət

Neft və Sənaye
Universiteti

Complex Analysis
Conjugates and Division
of Complex Numbers
In the previous presentation, we
mentioned that the complex zeros of a
polynomial with real coefficients occur
in conjugate pairs.
For instance, we saw that the zeros of
the polynomial are and .

In this presentation, we examine some


additional properties of complex
We begin with the definition of the of
a complex number.

.
The of the complex number

is denoted by or and is given by


From this definition, we can see that
the conjugate of a complex number is
found by changing the sign of the
imaginary part of the number, as
demonstrated in the following
example.
.

Complex number Conjugate


.
Complex number Conjugate

.
In part of , note that is its own
complex conjugate.
.
In general, it can be shown that a
number is its own complex conjugate
if and only if the number is real.

Geometrically, two points in the


complex plane are conjugates if and
only if they are reflections about the
real (horizontal) axis, as shown in
.
Complex conjugates have many useful
properties, some of which are given in
Theorem.
.
For a complex number , the following
properties are true:

if and only if
.
To prove the first property, we let .

Then and
.
The second and third properties follow
directly from the first.

Finally, the fourth property follows


from the definition of complex
conjugate. That is,
.

Find the product of and its complex


conjugate.

.
Since we have
The Modulus of a
Complex Number
Since a complex number can be
represented by a vector in the complex
plane, it makes sense to talk about the
length of a complex number.
It is called the modulus of the complex
number.
.
The of the complex number is
denoted by and is given by
.
The modulus of a complex number is
also called the of the number.

In fact, when is a real number, we


have
.

For and , determine the following:

.
.
Since

we have

Note that in , that

But is it true for an arbitrary pair of


complex numbers?
: you are asked to show that this
multiplicative property of the modulus
always holds.

The modulus of a complex number is


related to its conjugate in the
following way.
.
For a complex number , we have
.
Let . Then , and we have
Division of Complex
Numbers
One of the most important uses of the
conjugate of a complex number is in
performing division in the complex
number system.
To define division of complex numbers,
let us consider and and assume that
and are not both .

Consider the quotient


If the quotient is to make sense, it
would have to be true that

But, since , we can form the following


linear system for the unknowns and :
Solving this system of linear equations
for and we get

Now, since

we obtain the following definition.


.
The quotient of the complex numbers
and is defined to be

provided .
.
If , then , and therefore

In other words, just as is the case with


real numbers, division of complex
numbers by zero is not defined.
In practice, the quotient of two
complex numbers can be found by
multiplying the numerator and the
denominator by the conjugate of the
denominator, as follows:
.
Now that we are able to divide complex
numbers, we can find the
(multiplicative) inverse of a complex
matrix, as demonstrated in .

Find the inverse of the matrix


.
Using the formula for the inverse of a
matrix given in course, we have:

Furthermore,
.
So, we can write
.

To verify our solution, we multiply and


as follows:
The next theorem summarizes some
useful properties of complex
conjugates.
.
For the complex numbers and , the
following properties are true:
.
To prove the first property, let and .

Then
.
The proof of the second property is
similar.
: The proofs of the other two
properties are left to you.
Dot and Cross Products
Let and be two complex numbers
(vectors).

.
The (also called the ) of and is
defined as the real number

where is the angle between and ,


which lies between and .
.
The of and is defined as the vector

perpendicular to the complex plane


having magnitude
. Let and be non-zero. Then
i. A necessary and sufficient condition
that and be perpendicular is that .
ii. A necessary and sufficient condition
that and be parallel is that .
iii.The magnitude of the projection of
onto is .
iv. The area of a parallelogram having
sides and is .
Thank you for attention!
.
text

text

text
.
text

text

text
.
text

text

text
text

text

text

You might also like