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Complex Analysis 4

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10 views38 pages

Complex Analysis 4

Uploaded by

thekonan726
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Azərbaycan Dövlət

Neft və Sənaye
Universiteti

Complex Analysis
Complex Vector Spaces
and
Inner Products
All the vector spaces you have studied
thus far are real vector spaces since
the scalars are real numbers.

A is one in which the scalars are


complex numbers.

Thus, if are vectors in a complex


vector space, then a linear
combination is of the form: , where the
scalars are some complex numbers.
The complex version of is the complex
vector space consisting of ordered
tuples of complex numbers.

Thus, a vector in has the form

As with , the operations of addition


and scalar multiplication in are
performed component by component.
.
Let
and
be vectors in the complex vector space
, and determine the following vectors:

. In column matrix form, the sum is


.
Since

we have
.

Many of the properties of are shared


by .

For instance, the scalar multiplicative


identity is the scalar and the additive
The for is simply

which is the standard basis for .

Since this basis contains vectors, it


follows that the dimension of is .
Other bases exist; in fact, any linearly
independent set of vectors in can be
used, as we demonstrate in the
following .

.
Show that

is a basis for .
. Since has a dimension of , the set

will be a basis if it is linearly


independent.
To check for linear independence, we
set a linear combination of the vectors
in equal to as follows:

( 𝒄𝟏 𝕚 ,𝟎,𝟎 ) + ( 𝒄 𝟐 𝕚 ,𝒄𝟐 𝕚 ,𝟎 ) + ( 𝟎,𝟎,𝒄𝟑 𝕚 )= ( 𝟎,𝟎,𝟎 )


.

This implies that

Therefore, , and we conclude that is


linearly independent.
.

Use the basis in to represent the


vector

. By writing
.
We obtain

which implies that and


.
Therefore,

Try verifying that this linear


combination yields
Other than , there are several
additional examples of complex vector
spaces.
For instance, the set of complex
matrices with matrix addition and
scalar multiplication forms a complex
vector space.
The following describes a complex
vector space in which the vectors are
functions.
.

Consider the set of complex-valued


functions of the form

where and are real-valued functions


of a real variable.
.
The set of complex numbers forms the
scalars for and vector addition is
defined by

It can be shown that the set , along


with scalar multiplication and vector
addition form a complex vector space.
.
For instance, to show that is closed
under scalar multiplication, we let be
a complex number.

Then

is in .
The definition of the Euclidean inner
product in is similar to that of the
standard dot product in except that
here the second factor in each term is
a
. complex conjugate.
Let and be vectors in .
The Euclidean inner product of and is
given by
: Note that if and happen to be “real”,
then this definition agrees with the
standard inner (or dot) product in .

Determine the Euclidean inner


product of the vectors
and
. We have
. Let , , and be vectors in and let be a
complex number. Then the following
properties are true:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi. if and only if .
. We prove the first property and leave
the proofs of the remaining properties
to you. Let
Then and
We now use the Euclidean inner product in
to define the Euclidean norm (or length) of a
vector in and the Euclidean distance
between two vectors in .
.
The or of in is denoted by and is

The between and is


: The Euclidean norm and distance
may be expressed in terms of
components as
.

Determine the norms of the vectors


and
and find the distance between and .

. The norms of and are given as


follows:
.
.
The distance between and is given by
Complex Inner Product
Spaces
The Euclidean inner product is the
most commonly used inner product
in .
However, on occasion it is useful to
consider other inner products.

To generalize the notion of an inner


product, we use the properties listed in
given above.
.
Let and be vectors in a complex
vector space.
A function that associates with and
the complex number is called a if it
satisfies the following properties:
i.
ii.
iii. and
A complex vector space with a complex
inner product is called or .

.
Let and be vectors in the complex
space .
Show that the function defined by

is a complex inner product.


.
We verify the four properties of a
complex inner product as follows:
i.

ii.
.
iii.

iv.

Moreover, if and only if .

Since all properties hold, is a complex


inner product.
Thank you very much for
attention!
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