Modules

To make your code more

modular
Modules
A module is a file containing Python code (functions, classes, variables) that you can
reuse in other Python programs.

Modules can be created simply by saving Python code in a .py file and then imported
using the import statement.

Its goal: group related pieces of functionality, which can then be imported and used
elsewhere, keeping your code clean and organized.
 Module
Intro s

module1.py
project.py

module2.py

module3.py

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 Module
How TO? 1. You can import a module into another Python script using:
s

import module_name
module1.py
project.py

import module1

module2.py

module3.py

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 Module
How s

To
2. You can import specific functions or variables from a module using:

from ... import ...

from module_name import block_name

math.py

i.e. from math import

tan
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 Module
Packages: directory containing a collection of modules. s

Here, python imports only the specified block_name from the module, rather
than importing the entire module.

from pkge_name.module_name import block_name

Science Directory ( Folder )

math.py physics.p
y

i.e. from science.math import

tan

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File Input & Output
File
Authoring
 File Input &
Open Output

Files
open(file_name, mode)

mode Job description

r Open Files for reading

only
w Open Files for writing
only *
a Open Files for
appending *
r+ Open Files for reading and
writing *
rb Open Files for reading binary
files
rb+ Open Files for reading and writing binary
files *
* If the file not exist , It will
create it.
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 File Input &
Read Output

Files
fl = open(“D:/some_file.txt”, ‘r’)
#reads the entire content of the file some_file.txt
fl.read()
Some text on line
#output: Some text on line 1.
1. Other text on
Other text on line 2.
line 2.

#Read the first 4 characters of

the file

fl.read(4)
#output: Some

#Read the first line of

the file

fl.readline()
#output:text on line 1.

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 File Input &
Read Output

Files
#Read all lines into a

list fl.readlines() some_file.txt

#output: Some text on line

Some text on line 1. Other text on

1. line 2.
Other text on line
2.

fl =
open(“D:/some_file.
txt”, ‘r’)
for line in f1:
print(line)

#output: Some text

Open
on Source
line 1. Department –
 File Input &
Write on Output

Files
some_file.txt

Some text on line

fl = open(“some_file.txt”, 1. Other text on

‘w’) line 2.

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 File Input &
Write on Output

Files
some_file.txt

Some
This istext
newon line
content
1.
fl = open(“some_file.txt”,
Other text on line
‘w’) fl.write(“This is new 2.
content”)

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 File Input &
Write on Output
some_file.txt
Files
This is new content
fl = open(“some_file.txt”, ‘w’)
fl.write(“This is new content”) Some text on line
1.
fl.seek(8)
Other text on line
2.
“””
fl.seek(8): the file pointer will move to just
after the first 8 characters of the written content.

The pointer will now be positioned at the start of the

word "new".

This does not change the file content by itself,

but it changes where the next read or write will
start.
“””

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 File Input &
Write on Output

Files
some_file.txt

Some new
This istext
old on line
content
1.
fl = open(“some_file.txt”,
Other text on line
‘w’) fl.write(“This is new 2.
content”) fl.seek(8)
fl.write(“old”)

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 File Input &
Write on Output

Files
some_file.txt

This istext
Some new
old on line
content
1.
fl = open(“some_file.txt”, content is
Other text on line
‘w’) fl.write(“This is new appended
2.
content”) fl.seek(8)
fl.write(“old”)
fl.close()

fl =
open(“some_fil
e.txt”, ‘a’)
fl.write(“\n
content is
appended”)
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Python Standard
Library
 Python Standard
math Library

math module provides access to the mathematical functions by the C

standard

import math

math.ceil(3.2) # 4 #It returns the smallest integer greater

than or equal to x.
math.floor(3.6) # 3 #It returns the largest integer less than
or equal to x.
math.sqrt(9) # 3

math.pi # 3.14

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External
Libraries
pip
tool
 External
pi Libraries

p
pip is a package management system used to install and manage
software packages written in Python

pip install “some library”

i.e. pip install libcloud

libcloud is a Python library that provides a

unified interface for interacting with various
cloud service providers.

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Tips and
Tricks
 Tips and
with statement Tricks

- Using the with statement for file handling:

-It ensures that files are properly closed after their use, even if
an error occurs during file processing.

with open(“file.txt”, ‘r’) as

fp:

fp.read()

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 Tips and
List Tricks

Comprehension
It is an easy method to construct
a list
Outpu Input
t sequence

[ x**2 for x in range(10) if x%2 == 0 ]

variabl Optional
e Condition

L = [ x**2 for x in range(10) if x%2 ==

0 ] #output: [0, 4, 16, 36, 64]

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Thank
You