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AI&ML Lecture1

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43 views14 pages

AI&ML Lecture1

Uploaded by

AVINASH SAH
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Artificial Intelligence

By Malabika Das
Artificial Intelligence

Introduction: Overview of AI
Artificial/Intelligence are different meaning,Artificial means”man made”and intelligence
means”thinking power”.Ai developed by John McCarthy in 1956 and also known as father of
Ai.
It is a branch of computer science by which we can create a intelligent machine which can
behave like human,think the humans and able to make decision.
AI refers to the development of programs that behave intelligently and mimic human
intelligence through a set of algorithms. Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a
computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a software think intelligently, in the similar
manner the intelligent humans think.
AI can refer to either machine learning-based programs or even explicitly programmed
computer programs.Ai not needed to preprogram machine to do some work.You have to
create a machine with programmed algorithim which can work with own intelligence.
Why aritificial intelligence

 with the help of Ai,we can create such S/W a device which can solve real world
problems very easily and accuracy such as health issues,marketing ,traffic issues.etc.
 with the help of AI, you can create or personal virtual assistance,such as google
assistance,siri etc.
 with the help of AI ,you can build such robot which can work in a environment where
survival of human can be at risk.
 AI opens a path to new technologies new devices and new opportunities.
Types Of AI
Narrow AI-

Narrow AI is a goal-oriented AI trained to perform a specific task. example,


use cases such as Netflix recommendations, purchase suggestions on
ecommerce sites, automatic cars, and speech & image recognition fall
under the narrow AI category.
General AI-

General AI is an AI version that performs any intellectual task with a


human-like efficiency. The objective of general AI is to design a system
capable of thinking for itself just like humans do. Currently, general AI is
still under research.
Super AI-

It is the AI version that surpasses human intelligence and can perform any
task better than a human. Capabilities of a machine with super AI include
thinking, reasoning, solving a puzzle, making judgments, learning, and
communicating on its own. Today, super AI is a hypothetical concept but
represents the future of AI.
Reactive machines-
 Reactive machines are basic AI types that do not store past experiences or
memories for future actions. Such systems zero in on current scenarios and
react to them based on the best possible action. Popular examples of reactive
machines include IBM’s Deep Blue system and Google’s AlphaGo.

Limited memory machines-

Limited memory machines can store and use past experiences or data for a short period
of time. For example, a self-driving car can store the speeds of vehicles in its vicinity,
their respective distances, speed limits, and other relevant information for it to navigate
through the traffic.

Theory of mind-
Theory of mind refers to the type of AI that can understand human emotions and beliefs and socially interact like
humans. This AI type has not yet been developed but is in contention for the future.

Self-aware AI-
Self-aware AI deals with super-intelligent machines with their consciousness, sentiments, emotions, and beliefs. Such
systems are expected to be smarter than a human mind and may outperform us in assigned tasks. Self-aware AI is still
a distant reality, but efforts are being made in this direction.
Goals of AI

• To Create Expert Systems − The systems which exhibit intelligent


behavior, learn, demonstrate, explain, and advice its users.
• To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines − Creating
systems that understand, think, learn, and behave like humans.
What is Intelligence?
 The ability of a system to calculate, reason, perceive relationships and
analogies, learn from experience, store and retrieve information from
memory, solve problems, comprehend complex ideas, use natural
language fluently, classify, generalize, and adapt new situations.

Types of Intelligence:
(i)Linguistic intelligence
(ii)Musical intelligence
(iii) Logical-mathematical intelligence
(iv) Spatial intelligence
(v) Intra-personal intelligence
(vi) Interpersonal intelligence
Difference between Human and Machine
Intelligence

• Humans perceive by patterns whereas the machines perceive by set


of rules and data.
• Humans store and recall information by patterns, machines do it by
searching algorithms. For example, the number 40404040 is easy to
remember, store, and recall as its pattern is simple.
• Humans can figure out the complete object even if some part of it is
missing or distorted; whereas the machines cannot do it correctly.
What are Agent and Environment?

An agent is anything that can perceive its environment through sensors and acts upon
that environment through effectors.
• A human agent has sensory organs such as eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin
parallel to the sensors, and other organs such as hands, legs, mouth, for effectors.
• A robotic agent replaces cameras and infrared range finders for the sensors, and
various motors and actuators for effectors.
• A software agent has encoded bit strings as its programs and actions.
The Structure of Intelligent Agents

Agent’s structure can be viewed as −

• Agent = Architecture + Agent Program


• Architecture = the machinery that an agent executes on.
• Agent Program = an implementation of an agent function.
Types of agents

Simple Reflex Agents-


 They choose actions only based on the current percept.
• They are rational only if a correct decision is made only on the basis
of current precept.
• Their environment is completely observable.
Model Based Reflex Agents-
 They use a model of the world to choose their actions. They maintain
an internal state.
 Model − knowledge about “how the things happen in the world”.
 Internal State − It is a representation of unobserved aspects of
current state depending on percept history.
Goal Based Agents-
They choose their actions in order to achieve goals. Goal-based approach is more flexible
than reflex agent since the knowledge supporting a decision is explicitly modeled,
thereby allowing for modifications.
Utility Based Agents-
• There are conflicting goals, out of which only few can be achieved.
• Goals have some uncertainty of being achieved and you need to weigh likelihood of
success against the importance of a goal.
The Nature of Environments

 Some programs operate in the entirely artificial environment confined to keyboard input, database,
computer file systems and character output on a screen.

 In contrast, some software agents (software robots or softbots) exist in rich, unlimited softbots domains.
The simulator has a very detailed, complex environment. The software agent needs to choose from a
long array of actions in real time. A softbot designed to scan the online preferences of the customer and
show interesting items to the customer works in the real as well as an artificial environment.

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