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    2 - Loops

    Uploaded by

    Abdallah Saber Khalifa

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    2 - Loops

    Uploaded by

    Abdallah Saber Khalifa
    3 views16 pages

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    3 views16 pages

    2 - Loops

    Uploaded by

    Abdallah Saber Khalifa

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 16

    Errors

    • Syntax Errors – Compilation Errors


    – Errors in programming language rules.
    – You can use the compiler or interpreter to uncover syntax errors.
    – You must have a good working knowledge of error messages to
    discover the cause of the error.

    • Logic or Meaning Errors


    – Errors that indicate the logic used when coding the program failed
    to solve the problem.
    – You do not get error messages with logic errors.
    – Your only clue to the existence of logic errors is the production of
    wrong solutions.

    • Run-time Errors (Exceptions)


    – Code does something illegal when it is run (hence runtime)
    E.g., divide by zero
    Loops
    • If we want to print “Hello world” 10 times.

    – “Hello world “
    – “Hello world “
    – “Hello world “
    – “Hello world “
    – “Hello world “
    – “Hello world “
    – “Hello world “
    – “Hello world “
    – “Hello world “
    – “Hello world “
    Loops
    • If we want to print “Hello world“ 1000 times ?
    It's too boring, right ?

    For this, we will make a Loop


    So, What is the Loop ??
    Loops
    • Loops : repeat a statement a certain
    number of times, or while a condition
    is Satisfied.

    They are introduced by the keywords


    while, do-while, and for.
    Loops
    • for loop : The for loop is designed to iterate a
    number of times.

    Its syntax is:


    for (initialization; condition; increase) {
    // statements
    }
    Loops
    A simple for loop code
    #include <iostream>
    using namespace std;
    int main() {
    for(int i = 0; i < 100; i++){

    cout << "Hello world" << endl;

    }
    return 0;
    }
    Loops
    While loops: While loops have only a condition in its syntax
    “while the condition is true, go in the loop”.

    Syntax :
    while( condition ) {
    // Statement
    }
    int main() {
    int i = 0;
    while(i < 100){
    cout << "Hello world" << endl;
    i++;
    }
    return 0;
    }
    Loops
    • do-while loop : The do-while loop is a very
    similar loop,
    whose syntax is:
    do {

    // Statements

    } while (condition);
    Loops
    A simple do-while loop code
    int main() {
    int i = 0;
    do {
    cout << "Hello world" << endl;
    i++;
    }while(i < 100);
    return 0;
    }
    Problems
    1. Write a program to print numbers from 1 to 10

    2. Write a program to count numbers of odd and


    even between 1 and 10

    3. Write a program to take a number from user


    and print its factorial.

    4. Write a program to take a 10 numbers from


    user and print largest and the smallest one .
    Loops
    ● Break statement for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++){
    int a;
    when the compiler read this statement, it cin >> a;
    exit from the loop and ignore the if(a % 2 == 0){
    break;
    remainder statements
    }
    }
    In this code : when a is even, the loop is
    break

    int sum = 0;
    ● Continue statement for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++){
    when the compiler read this int a;
    statement, it ignore the cin >> a;
    remainder statements and go to if(a % 2 == 0){
    the next time in the loop continue;
    }
    sum = sum + i;
    In this code, sum will have the
    }
    summation of odd numbers
    Problems
    1. Write a program take a numbers from user
    until enter 0.

    2. Write a program to take number from user and


    determine it`s prime or not
    Nested Loops
    Loop inside Loop
    Ex :
    int main() {
    for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++){
    for(int j = 0; j < 5; j++){
    cout << "*" << " " ;
    }
    cout<< "\n" ;
    }
    }
    Problems
    • Write a program to print
    #
    ##
    ###

    • Write a program to print


    ####
    ###
    ##
    #
    Scopes, Global, Local
    #include <iostream>
    using namespace std;
    int main() {
    for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++){
    cout << i << endl;
    }
    cout << i << endl;
    }
    Notes
    • Test Cases.
    • Infinity loop.
    • break in nested loops
    • loop counter can increase by 1 or more and decrease
    • fast code , ‘\n’

    int main() {
    ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0);
    cin.tie(0);
    cout.tie(0);
    }

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