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Language of Sets

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38 views18 pages

Language of Sets

Uploaded by

kingpilapil72
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Four Basic

Concepts
Sets and Subsets
A. The Language of Sets
Use of the word “set” as a
formal mathematical term was
introduced in 1879 by Georg Cantor.
For most mathematical purposes we
can think of a set intuitively, as Cantor
did, simply as a collection of elements.
So, by definition:
A set is a collection of well-
defined objects
Illustration:
Note: A set is denoted with braces or curly
brackets { } and label or name the set by a
capital letter such as A, B, C,…etc.
1. A set of counting numbers from 1 to 5.
A={1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
2. A set of an English alphabet from a to e.
B={a, b, c, d, e}
3. A set of even numbers.
C={2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
4. A set of all positive integers.
D={0, 1, 2, 3,…}
Now, if S is a set, the notation x ∈ S means
that x is an element of S. The notation
x ∉ S means that x is not an element of S.
Element of a Set
Each member of the set is called an
element and the ∈ notation means that an
item belongs to a set.
Illustration:
 Say A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
 1 ∈ A; 3 ∈ A; 5 ∈ A

Is 6 is an element of set A? Since in a given


set A above, we could not see six as an
element of set A, thus we could say that;
 6 is not an element of set A or
 6 ∉ A
Note: Each element is a set should be separated by comma.

Terminologies of Sets
1. Unit Set
 Unit set is a set that contains only one
element.
 Illustration:
 A = { 1 }; B = { c }; C = { banana }

2. Empty set or Null set; ∅


Empty or null set is a set that has no
element.
 Illustration:
 A = { }
 A set of seven yellow carabaos
3. Finite Set
 A finite set is a set that the
elements in a given set is countable.
 Illustration:
 A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }
 B = { a, b, c, d }

4. Infinite Set
 An infinite set is a set that
elements in a given set has no end or
not countable.
 Illustration:
 A set of counting numbers.
 A = {…-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, … }
5. Cardinal number; n
 Cardinal number are numbers that used
to measure the number of elements in a
given set. It is just similar in counting the
total number of element in a set.
 Illustration:

 A = { 2, 4, 6, 8 } n = 4

 B = { a, c, e } n = 3

6. Equal Set
 Two sets, say A and B, are said to be
equal if and only if they have equal number
of cardinality and the element/s are identical.
There is a 1 -1 correspondence.
 Illustration:

 A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} B = { 3, 5, 2, 4, 1}
7. Equivalent Set
 Two sets, say A and B, are said to be
equivalent if and only if they have the
exact number of element. There is a 1 –
1 correspondence.
 Illustration:
 A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } B = { a, b, c, d, e }

8. Universal Set
 The universal set U is the set of all
elements under discussion.
 Illustration:
 A set of an English alphabet
 U = {a, b, c, d, …, z}
9. Joint Sets
 Two sets, say A and B, are said to be
joint sets if and only if they have
common element/s.
 A = { 1, 2, 3} B = { 2, 4, 6 }
 Here, sets A and B are joint set since

they have common element such as 2.


10. Disjoint Sets
 Two sets, say A and B, are said to be
disjoint if and only if they are mutually
exclusive or if they don’t have common
element/s.
 A = { 1, 2, 3} B = { 4, 6, 8 }
Two ways of Describing a Set

1. Roster or Tabular Method


 It is done by listing or tabulating

the elements of the set.

2. Rule or Set-builder Method


 It is done by stating or describing

the common characteristics of


the elements of the set.
Subsets
 A subset, A ⊆ B, means that every

element of A is also an element of


B.
 If x ∈ A, then x ∈ B.
 In particular, every set is a subset of

itself, A ⊆ A.
 A subset is called a proper subset, A

is a proper subset of B, if A ⊂ B and


there is at least one element of B
that is not in A:
If x ⊂ A, then x ⊂ B and there is an
A subset is called a proper subset, A
is a proper subset of B, if A ⊂ B and
there is at least one element of B
that is not in A:
If x ⊂ A, then x ⊂ B and there is an
element b such that b ∈ B and b ∉ A.

 NOTE: The empty set. or {} has no


elements and is a subset of every set
for every set A, A ⊂ A.
 The number of subsets of a given set is given by
2ⁿ, where n is the number of elements of the
given set.
Illustration:
 How many subsets are there in a set
 A = {1, 2, 3 }? List down all the subsets of set A.

Number of subsets = 2ⁿ = 2³ = 8 subsets

 With one element


 {1};{2};{3}
 With two elements
 { 1, 2 } ; { 1, 3 }; { 2, 3 }
 With three elements
 { 1, 2, 3 }
 With no elements
 {}
Operation on Sets
Sets can be combined in a number of
different ways to produce another set. Here
are the basic operations on sets.
1. Union of Sets
The union of sets A and B, denoted by A ∪ B,
is the set defined as:
A ∪ B = { x | x ∈ A or x ∈ B }
Example 1: If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {4, 5},
then
A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Example 2: If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2, 4,
5}, then A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Note that elements are not repeated in a set.
2.Intersection of Sets
The intersection of sets A and B,
denoted by A ∩ B, is the set defined as:
A ∩ B = { x | x ∈ A and x ∈ B }

Example 1: If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1,


2, 4, 5}
then A ∩ B = {1, 2}

Example 2: If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {4,


5}
then A∩B=∅
3. Cartesian Product
Given sets A and B, the Cartesian product of A
and B, denoted by A x B and read as “A cross
B”, is the set of all ordered pair (a,b) where a is
in A and b is in B. Symbolically:
A x B = {(a, b) | a ∈ A and b ∈ B}
Note that A x B is not equal to B x A.
Illustration:
If A = {1, 2} and B = {a, b}, what is A x B?
 A x B = {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a), (2, b)}. How

many elements in A x B?
Example 1: Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {a, b}.
Then
 A x B = {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a), (2, b), (3, a), (3,

b)}
Venn Diagram
A Venn diagram is an
illustration of the relationships between
and among sets, groups of objects that
share something in common. Usually,
Venn diagrams are used to depict set
intersections (denoted by an upside-
down letter U). This type of diagram is
used in scientific and engineering
presentations, in theoretical
mathematics, in computer applications,
and in statistics.

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