Chapter 5

AM, FM, and Digital Modulated Systems

 Phase Modulation (PM)

 Frequency Modulation (FM)
 Generation of PM and FM
 Spectrum of PM and FM
 Carson’s Rule
 Narrowband FM
Huseyin Bilgekul
Eeng360 Communication Systems I
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Eastern Mediterranean University Eeng 360 1
 Angle Modulation

 We have seen that an AM signal can be represented as

s(t )  Ac [1  m(t )] cos  c t

Note that in this type of modulation the amplitude of signal carries information.

 Now we will see that information can also be carried in the angle of the
signal as

st   Ac cos c t   t 
Here the amplitude Ac remains constant and the angle is modulated.
This Modulation Technique is called the Angle Modulation
Angle modulation: Vary either the Phase or the Frequency of the carrier signal

 Phase Modulation and Frequency Modulation are special cases of Angle

Modulation

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 Angle Modulation
Representation of PM and FM signals:

The Complex Envelope for an Angle Modulation is given by g t   Ac e j t 

Rt   g t   Ac Is a constant Real envelope,

θ(t) - linear function of the modulating signal m(t)

g(t) - Nonlinear function of the modulation.

The Angle-modulated Signal in time domain is given by st   Ac cos c t   t 

Special Case 1:
For PM the phase is directly proportional to the modulating signal. i.e.;

Where Dp is the Phase sensitivity of the phase modulator, having units of radians/volt.

Special Case 2:
For FM, the phase is proportional to the integral of m(t) so that

where the frequency deviation constant Df has units of radians/volt-sec.

Eeng 360 3
 Angle Modulation

 Instantaneous Frequency (fi) of a signal is defined by

d t 
t
 i t     t    i ( ) d where  t   c t   (t )
dt 

 Phase Modulation occurs when the instantaneous phase varied in proportion to that of
the message signal.

 t  D p mt  Dp is the phase sensitivity of the modulator

Resulting PM wave: s (t )  Ac cos[ c t  D p m(t )]

 Frequency Modulation occurs when the instantaneous frequency is varied linearly
with the message signal.
 i (t )  c  D f m(t ) Df is the frequency
t
deviation constant
 t   D f m d


t
Resulting FM wave:
s (t )  Ac cos[ c t  D f m( ) d ]
 Eeng 360 4
 Phase and Frequency Modulations

• Phase Modulation • Frequency Modulation

Comparing above two equations , we see that if we have a PM signal modulated

by mp(t), there is also FM on the signal, corresponding to a different modulation
wave shape that is given by:

Similarly if we have a FM signal modulated by mf(t),the corresponding phase

modulation on this signal is:

Where f and p denote frequency

and phase respectively.

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 Generation of FM from PM and vice versa

Generation of FM using a Phase Modulator:

m f t  Integrator m p t  Phase Modulator s t 

Df
Gain  (Carrier Frequency fc) FM Signal
Dp

Df t
m p t   m  d
f
Dp 

Generation of PM using a Frequency Modulator:

m p t  Differentiator m f t  s t 
Df
Frequency Modulator
Gain 
Dp (Carrier Frequency fc) PM signal

D p  dm p t 
m f t    
D f  dt 

Eeng 360 6
 FM with sinusoidal modulating signal

If a bandpass signal is represented by:  t   c t   (t )

1  d t  
 The Instantaneous Frequency of the FM signal is given by: fi t   f c   
2  dt 
1  d t 
 The Frequency Deviation from the carrier frequency: f d t   f i t   f c 
2  dt 

 The Peak Frequency Deviation is given by: 1  d t 

F max  dt 
2  

1
∆F is related to the peak modulating voltage by F 
2
D f Vp Where V p max mt 

 1  d t    1  d t  
 The Peak-to-peak Deviation is given by F pp max     min   
 2  dt    2  dt  

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 FM with sinusoidal modulating signal

1  d t 
f i t   f c 
2  dt 

But,

Vp   BW

Average Power does not change

with modulation
Ac2
Average Power 
2 Eeng 360 8
 Angle Modulation

Advantages:
 Constant amplitude means Efficient Non-linear Power Amplifiers can be used.
 Superior signal-to-noise ratio can be achieved (compared to AM) if bandwidth is
sufficiently high.

Disadvantages:
 Usually require more bandwidth than AM
 More complicated hardware

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 Modulation Index

 The Peak Phase Deviation is given by:  max t 

∆θ is related to the peak modulating voltage by:   D pV p Where V p max mt 

 The Phase Modulation Index is given by:  p  Where ∆θ is the peak
phase deviation

 The Frequency Modulation Index is given by:

F ∆F Peak Frequency Deviation

f 
B B Bandwidth of the modulating signal

Eeng 360 10
 Spectra of Angle modulated signals

Spectrum of Angle modulated signal 1

 
S  f   G  f  f c   G   f  f c 
2

Where G  f   g t   Ac e j t  

 Spectra for AM, DSB-SC, and SSB can be obtained with simple formulas
relating S(f) to M(f).
 But for angle modulation signaling, because g(t) is a nonlinear function of m(t).
Thus, a general formula relating G(f) to M(f) cannot be obtained.
 To evaluate the spectrum for angle-modulated signal, G(f) must be evaluated on
a case-by-case basis for particular modulating waveshape of interest.

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Spectrum of PM or FM Signal with Sinusoidal Modulating Signal
 Assume that the modulation on the PM signal is

m p t   Am sin  m t Then  t    sin  m t

Where  p  D p Am   is the phase Modulation Index.

Same θ(t) could also be obtained if FM were used

where m f t   Am cos mt

and    f  D f Am /  m
The peak frequency deviation would be 1
F  D f Am
2

The Complex Envelope is:

1
g t   Ac e j t 
 Ac e j sin  m t
which is periodic with period Tm 
fm
Eeng 360 12
Spectrum of PM or FM Signal with Sinusoidal Modulating Signal
Using discrete Fourier series that is valid over all time, g(t) can be written as

n 
Ac
g t    c n e jn mt
 e e
Tm 2 j sin  m t  jn m t
Where cn  dt
n  Tm  Tm 2

 1  j  sin   n  
Which reduces to c n  Ac    e   Ac J n  
 2 
Jn(β) – Bessel function of the first kind of the nth order

J  n    1 J n  
n
Is a special property of Bessel Functions

Taking the fourier transform of the complex envelope g(t), we get

n  n 
G  f    c n  f  nf m 
n 
or G  f   Ac  J    f  nf 
n  
n m

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Bessel Functions of the First Kind

J0(β)=0 at β=2.4, 5.52 & so on

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Bessel Functions of the First Kind

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 Frequency spectrum of FM
 The FM modulated signal in time domain

S (t )  Ac J
n 
n (  ) cos[( c  n m )t ]
Observations:
 From this equation it can be seen that the frequency spectrum of an FM
waveform with a sinusoidal modulating signal is a discrete frequency
spectrum made up of components spaced at frequencies of c± nm.
 By analogy with AM modulation, these frequency components are called
sidebands.
 We can see that the expression for s(t) is an infinite series. Therefore the
frequency spectrum of an FM signal has an infinite number of sidebands.
The amplitudes of the carrier and sidebands of an FM signal are given by
the corresponding Bessel functions, which are themselves functions of the
modulation index

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Spectra of an FM Signal with Sinusoidal Modulation
 The following spectra show the effect of modulation index, , on the
bandwidth of an FM signal, and the relative amplitudes of the carrier and
sidebands

 
 S( f ) 
 
 1A 
 c 
 2 
1.0

f
BT
Eeng 360 17
Spectra of an FM Signal with Sinusoidal Modulation

 
 S( f ) 
 
 1A 
 c  J0(1.0)
 2 

1.0
J1(1.0)

J2(1.0)

f
BT
Eeng 360 18
 Spectra of an FM Signal with Sinusoidal Modulation

 
 S( f ) 
 
1
 A 
 c 
 2 
1.0

BT

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 Carson’s rule
 Although the sidebands of an FM signal extend to infinity, it has been found
experimentally that signal distortion is negligible for a bandlimited FM signal
if 98% of the signal power is transmitted.

 Based on the Bessel Functions, 98% of the power will be transmitted when
the number of sidebands transmitted is 1+ on each side.

(1+fm

Eeng 360 20
 Carson’s rule
 Therefore the Bandwidth required is given by

BT 2    1 B
β – phase modulation index/ frequency modulation index
B – bandwidth of the modulating signal

For sinusoidal modulation B  fm

 Carson’s rule : Bandwidth of an FM signal is given by

BT 2  1 f m

Note: When β =0 i.e. baseband signals BT 2 f m

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 Narrowband Angle Modulation
 Narrowband Angle Modulation is a special case of angle modulation where θ(t) is
restricted to a small value.
 (t )  0.2 rad

 The complex envelope can be approximated by a Taylor's series in which only first
two terms are used.
g t   Ac e j
becomes g t   Ac 1  j t  [ because e x 1  x for x  1]

 The Narrowband Angle Modulated Signal is s t   Ac cos  c t  Ac t sin  ct

 The Spectrum of Narrowband Angle Modulated Signal is

Ac
Sf    f  f c     f  f c   j f  f c   f  f c 
2
 D p M  f , PM

 f   t   D f
 j 2f M  f .
where FM

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 Indirect method of generating WBFM

Balanced Modulator s t   Ac cos  c t  Ac t sin  c t

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Wideband Frequency
modulation

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