Blood

What is it and why is it important?

Blood
 The average adult has about five liters of
blood inside their body, coursing through
their vessels, delivering essential elements,
and removing harmful wastes.
 Without blood, the human body would stop
working
Blood functions
 Blood is the fluid of growth, transporting
nourishment from digestion and hormones
from glands throughout the body.
 Blood is the fluid of health, transporting
disease fighting substances to the tissue
and waste to the kidneys.
Bloods Major Function
 Blood is the fluid of life, transporting oxygen
from the lungs to body tissue and carbon
dioxide from body tissue to the lungs.
Composition of Blood
 55 % plasma(fluid part)
 Plasma is the straw-colored liquid in which the
blood cells are suspended.
 45 % formed elements
 Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)
 White blood cells (leukocytes)
 Platelets (thrombocytes)
Blood Components
Plasma
 Plasma is the relatively clear liquid water , sugar, fat,
protein and salt solution which carries the red cells,
white cells, platelets, and some other chemicals.
 Normally, 55% of our blood's volume is made up of
plasma. About 95% of it consists of water.
 As the heart pumps blood to cells throughout the body,
plasma brings nourishment to them and removes the
waste products of metabolism
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
 Red blood cells are biconcave discs

erythrocytes
Red Blood Cells
 Red cells, or erythrocytes , are relatively large
microscopic cells without nuclei.
 Red cells normally make up 40-50% of the total blood
volume.
 They transport oxygen from the lungs to all of the
living tissues of the body and carry away carbon
dioxide.
 The red cells are produced continuously in our bone
marrow from stem cells at a rate of about 2-3 million
cells per second.
Cont.
 Hemoglobin is the gas transporting protein
molecule that makes up 95% of a red cell.
 Each red cell has about 270,000,000 iron-rich
hemoglobin molecules.
 People who are anemic generally have a deficiency in red
cells.
 The red color of blood is primarily due to
oxygenated red cells.
White Blood Cell (leukocytes)
White Blood Cells
 White cells, or leukocytes , exist in variable numbers
and types but make up a very small part of blood's
volume--normally only about 1% in healthy people.
 Leukocytes are not limited to blood.
 They occur elsewhere in the body as well, most notably in the spleen, liver, and
lymph glands.
 Most are produced in our bone marrow from the same
kind of stem cells that produce red blood cells and
others are produced in the thymus gland, which is at the
base of the neck.
Cont.
 Some white cells (called lymphocytes ) are the
first responders for our immune system.
 They seek out, identify, and bind to alien

protein on bacteria, viruses, and fungi so that

they can be removed.
 Other white cells (called granulocytes and

macrophages ) then arrive to surround and

destroy the alien cells.
Cont.
 They also have the function of getting rid of dead or
dying blood cells as well as foreign matter such as dust.
 Individual white cells usually only last 18-36 hours
before they also are removed, though some types live
as much as a year.
 Red cells remain viable for only about 4 months

before they are removed from the blood and their

components recycled in the spleen.
Platelets (thrombocytes)

Platelets
Platelets
 Platelets , or thrombocytes , are cell fragments without nuclei
that work with blood clotting chemicals at the site of wounds.
 They do this by adhering to the walls of blood vessels, thereby plugging the rupture
in the vascular wall. They also can release coagulating chemicals which cause
clots to form in the blood that can plug up narrowed blood vessels.
 There are more than a dozen types of blood clotting factors and
platelets that need to interact in the blood clotting process.
Cont.
 Recent research has shown that platelets help fight
infections by releasing proteins that kill invading bacteria
and some other microorganisms.
 In addition, platelets stimulate the immune system.
 Individual platelets are about 1/3 the size of red cells.
 They have a lifespan of 9-10 days.
 Like the red and white blood cells, platelets are
produced in bone marrow from stem cells.
Blood Components
 Because it contains living cells, blood is
alive.
 Since the cells are alive, they too need
nourishment.
Granulocytes
(polymorphonuclear leukocytes)
 Granulocytes are white blood cells whose cytoplasm
contains tiny granules. The cells are named according to
the staining characteristics of the granules.
 Neutrophils - the granules do not stain with normal
blood stains so we generally see just the multilobed
nucleus.
 Neutrophils are phagocytic cells; they engulf foreign

material
 Eosinophil have red-staining granules, bilobed nucleus
 They seem to be attracted to allergic reactions in the body.
Basophils
 Basophils have dark
blue-staining
granules.
 They are present in
least number in
blood.
 They help initiate the
inflammatory process
at sites of injury.
Cont.

neutrophils (upper two cells)

eosinophil (lower left cell)

Agranulocytes
(mononuclear leukocytes)
 Agranulocytes are white blood cells that
have no distinct granules in their cytoplasm.
 Lymphocytes have large single nuclei that
occupy most of the cells.
 They are an important part of the body's immune
system.
 Longest life span(memory cells)
Lymphocyte

Lymphocyte (left)
Cont
 Monocytes are the largest of the white
blood cells.
 They have large single nuclei and function
mainly as phagocytic (engulfing) cells.
 They are important in the long-term cleanup
of debris in an area of injury.
Cont.

Monocyte (left)
Leukocytes(wbc’s) Total
 Neutrophils 60-70% (N)EVER
 Lymphocytes 20-25% (L)ET
 Monocytes 3-8% (M)ONKEYS
 Eosinophils 1-3% (E)AT
 Basophils ½ to 1% (B)ANANAS
Blood what does it need?
 Vitamins and Minerals keep the blood
healthy.
 The blood cells have a definite life cycle,
just as all living organisms do.
Blood loss
 When the human body loses a little bit of
blood through a minor wound, the platelets
cause the blood to clot so that the bleeding
stops.
 Because new blood is always being made
inside of your bones, the body can replace
the lost blood.
Blood replacement
 When the human body loses a lot of blood
through a major wound, that blood has to
be replaced through a blood transfusion
from other people.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Cardiovascular System
• Two divisions: pulmonary &
systemic
Cardiovascular System
• Pulmonary Division
• Blood flows from heart to alveolar
capillaries and back to heart
Cardiovascular System
• Systemic Division
• Blood flows from heart to all
tissue capillaries (except alveolar
capillaries) and back to heart
• Heart
• Location: mediastinum
• Pericardium: protective sac
surrounding the heart
• Pericardium: protective sac
surrounding the heart

–Visceral
pericardium
– Parietal
pericardium
• Layers of the heart wall
• endocardium
• Layers of the heart wall
• endocardium
• myocardium
• Layers of the heart wall
• endocardium
• myocardium
• Layers of the heart wall
• endocardium
• myocardium
• epicardium (same as the visceral
pericardium)
• Chambers of the heart
• Receiving chambers: atria
(singular: atrium)
• Chambers of the heart
• Receiving chambers: atria
(singular: atrium)
• Pumping chambers: ventricles
• Right ventricle: pump for the
pulmonary circulation
• Left ventricle: pump for the
systemic circulation
• “Great Vessels” of the Heart
• Aorta
• Pulmonary Trunk
 Aorta Pulmonary veins
LPA
Superior
RPA
vena cava Pulmonary
trunk

Inferior
vena cava
• Heart valves
• Heart valves: ensure one-way
flow of blood through heart
• Semilunar valves
• pulmonary semilunar
• aortic semilunar
• Atrio-ventricular (AV) valves
• Atrio-ventricular (AV) valves
• tricuspid
• bicuspid (mitral)
 Associated with papillary
muscles and chordae tendinae
• Skeleton of the heart
• set of 4 fibrous rings near base of heart
• Skeleton of the heart, con’t.

• provides rigidity to prevent the dilation

of valves
• provides a point of attachment for
valves
• Skeleton of the heart, con’t…

• electrically isolates the atria from the

ventricles.
• The A-V bundle (“bundle of His”) is the only
electrical connection between the atria and
the ventricles
• Path of Blood Flow Through the
Heart
• Heart Sounds
• 1st sound (“lub”)
• closing of the AV valves
• 2nd sound (“dup”)
• closing of the semilunar valves
 Conduction System of the
Heart
Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
AV bundle
Bundle branches

Purkinje fibers
• Blood Vessels
1. Arteries
2. Arterioles
3. Veins
4. Venules
5. Capillaries
• All blood vessels are lined with
endothelium
1. Arteries
• Carry blood away from the heart
• Subject to the highest blood pressure
• Located deep
• Structure of Arteries
• Tunica interna
• Tunica media
• Tunica externa
• Types of arteries
• Elastic arteries
 Contain elastic fibers in the tunica media
 Largest arteries (closest to heart)

• Muscular artery
 Tunica media is mainly composed of smooth muscles
 Deliver blood to various body organs
2. Arterioles
• < 1mm in diameter
• Endothelium and smooth muscle
• Metarterioles regulate flow of
blood into capillaries
2. Arterioles
• < 1mm in diameter
• Endothelium and smooth muscle
• Metarterioles regulate flow of
blood into capillaries
• Help regulate blood pressure
3. Capillaries
• Sites of exchange
 exchange between blood and tissue
cells in systemic caps
 exchange between blood and air in
pulmonary caps
• Very permeable
4. Veins
• Return blood back towards heart
• Smallest veins: venules
• Veins have 3 layers like arteries
• Differences between arteries and
veins
• veins have thinner walls
• larger diameter(lumen)
• located both deep and superficial
• veins have valves
Distribution of Blood
THANK YOU