X-RAY

TRANSFORMER ​
UNDERSTANDING X-RAY TRANSFORMER​
DOGING LODA, MRIT
ROLL NO-230513005
 CONTENT:-
• INTRODUCTION​
• Basic Transformer Principles​
• Types of Transformers​
• X-ray Generation Process​
• Components of an X-ray Transformer​
• Filament Transformer​
 INTRODUCTION:
• A transformer is an electrical device used to
transfer electrical energy from one circuit to
another, via the phenomenon
of electromagnetic induction.​
• It is fundamental in the modulation of
voltage and current in the X-ray generator.​
 Function, and operation of Transformer

• Function and operation: Transformers operate on

the principle of Faraday's law of electromagnetic
induction, where a changing current in one coil
induces a voltage in another coil through a shared
magnetic field.​
 Types​of Transformer used in x-ray :

• step-up transformer​:-
• The secondary coil has more turns than the primary coil
(Ns > Np)​
• step-down transformer​:-
• The secondary coil has fewer turns than the primary coil
(Ns < Np)
• AUTOTRANSFORMER
TYPES:
Transformers used in x-ray:
 Components
• primary coil​
• a set of insulated wires attached to the input
current​
• iron core​
• the conduit for the changing magnetic field​
• secondary coil​
• a set of insulated wires attached to the output
current​
• transformer is a specialized transformer used in X-ray machines to generate the high voltage required
to produce X-rays. It consists of several key components that work together to facilitate the X-ray
generation process.
• main components of an X-ray transformer:​
• Primary Coil: The primary coil is the winding of wire connected to the incoming electrical power
source, typically the mains electricity supply. It is where the primary current flows, creating a magnetic
field.​
• Secondary Coil: The secondary coil is another winding of wire connected to the X-ray tube. It is
responsible for delivering the high-voltage output required for X-ray generation. The secondary coil
typically has many more turns than the primary coil to achieve voltage step-up.​
• Core: The core is a magnetic material, often made of iron or ferrite, that links the magnetic fields
between the primary and secondary coils. The core enhances the efficiency of the transformer by
increasing magnetic coupling.​
• Insulation: Insulation materials are used to separate the primary and secondary coils and to prevent
electrical arcing. Proper insulation is essential for electrical safety and preventing electrical breakdown.​
• Cooling System: X-ray transformers generate heat during operation due to the flow of electrical
current. Cooling systems, such as fans, heat sinks, or oil cooling, are employed to dissipate this heat
and maintain the transformer's temperature within safe limits.​
• High Voltage Terminal: This is the point at which the high-voltage output from the secondary coil is
made available for connection to the X-ray tube. It is often a terminal or lead wire securely insulated to
prevent electrical shock.​
• Filament Transformer (Optional): In some X-ray machines, a separate filament transformer may be
included. This transformer supplies a lower voltage to the filament or cathode of the X-ray tube,
heating it to emit electrons, which are then accelerated by the high voltage to produce X-rays.​
• Protection Devices: Transformers may include protection devices such as fuses, circuit breakers, or
overcurrent relays to safeguard against electrical faults and overloads.​
X-ray circiut :-
 First & Second Law:
• First law of transformers​
• The secondary voltage (Vs) is related to the primary voltage (VP) by the ratio of the
number of turns (N) in each coil, such that:​
• Vs/Vp = Ns/Np​
• Second law of transformers​
• The product of voltage (V) and current (I) in the two circuits are equal (thereby meeting
the Conservation of Energy principle).​
• VpIp = VsIs​
• This means that a voltage increase in one circuit must result in a proportional decrease in
current (and vice versa).​
• A transformer cannot create energy. An increase in voltage must be accompanied
by a corresponding decrease in current.
 Transformer assembly:

 1. Control panel/console-
 To select kVp, mA, and exposure time for a particular radiographic examination
exposure buttons: One button- reads the x-ray tube for exposure by heating the
filament and rotating the anode.
 The second button- starts the exposure.

 The timing mechanism terminates the exposure.

 2.Transformer assembly:- a grounded metal box filled with oil.

 • Contains - low voltage transformer (filament circuit)- high voltage transformer- (high
voltage- a group of rectifiers.• circuit )

 • Contains circuits with potential differences as high as 150000V. So immersed in oil,

which acts as an insulator.
 WORKING OF TRANSFORMER:
 a device that either increases or decreases the voltage
in a circuit.
 • Incoming Power supply- 230 V, 60 Hz AC. Filament
heating requires- 10 Electron acceleration requires-
b/w 40000 and 150000 V.
 So transformers are used to change the voltage of the
incoming power supply to appropriate levels.
TRANSFORMER:
 TRANSFORMER PRINCIPLE:
 When current flows through the primary coil, it creates
a magnetic field within the core, and this magnetic
field induces a current in the secondary coil.)
 Current flows through the secondary coil only when
the magnetic field is changing (increasing/
decreasing ).
 No current flows when the magnetic field in the core is
in a steady state.
 AUTOTRANSFORMER
 Voltage supplied to the X-ray room is connected to the X-ray
generator through an autotransformer.
 Functions:
 1. Supplies voltage for x-ray tube filament circuit
 2. Provides voltage for primary of the high voltage transformer.
 3.Provides a convenient location for the kVp meter.
 Consists of SINGLE WINDING wound on a laminated closed core.
 Works on the principle of SELF INDUCTION
 Thus, within a very limited range, autotransformers can function
as a step-up or step-down transformer.
 X-RAY CIRCUITS
 Two basic circuits in the diagnostic x-ray unit
 1. Filament circuit- regulates the current flow through
the filament of x-ray tube.-It contains a step-down
transformer – FILAMENT TRANSFORMER - provides
power to heat the filament.
 - Current flow of 3-5 A and voltage of 10 V- sufficient
to heat the filament to the necessary high
temperature to cause emission of electrons
(thermionic emission).
 Precise control of filament heating is critical because a
small variation in filament current results in a large
variation in x-ray tube current.
 o EX: 5% change in filament voltage causes20- 30 %
change in x-ray tube current.
 Done by adding resistors in the filament circuit.
 HIGH VOLTAGE (CATHODE- ANODE)CIRCUIT
 Contains two transformers–
 Auto-transformer ( kVp selector)-
 located in the control panel-
 can be adjusted in steps from 40 to 150 kVp
 Step-up( high voltage ) transformer—
 increases voltage by a factor of approx. 600.
 potential difference across the secondary coil as high as 150000
V
 Immersed in oil
Two meters are incorporated into high voltage circuit.

 1. Voltmeter - measures potential difference across the

tube (kVp) and placed in the circuit between
autotransformer and step-up transformer
 2. Ammeter- measures actual current flow across tube(
mA) and its connections are in the secondary coil of
high voltage transformer to record current flow
accurately.
 Though both are located in the control panel, their
connections are in the high-voltage circuit.
THANK YOU