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Cell

Organelles and its function

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Neil Mark Morta
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34 views43 pages

Cell

Organelles and its function

Uploaded by

Neil Mark Morta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cell Types

Organelles
• Very small (Microscopic)
• Perform various functions for a cell
• Found in the cytoplasm
• May or may not be membrane-bound
Animal Cell Organelles
Ribosome (attached)
Nucleolus
Ribosome (free)
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Nuclear envelope
Mitochondrion

Rough Smooth
endoplasmic endoplasmic
reticulum reticulum

Centrioles
Golgi apparatus
Plant Cell Organelles
Cell or Plasma Membrane
• Composed of double layer of phospholipids and proteins
• Surrounds outside of ALL cells
• Controls what enters or leaves the cell
Outside
of cell
• Living layer
Carbohydrate
chains
Proteins
Cell
membrane

Inside
of cell Protein
(cytoplasm) channel Lipid bilayer
Cell Wall
• Nonliving layer
• Found in plants, fungi, & bacteria
• Made of cellulose in plants
• Made of peptidoglycan in bacteria
• Made of chitin in Fungi
Cell Wall
• Supports and protects cell
• Found outside of the cell membrane
Cytoplasm of a Cell
• Jelly-like substance enclosed by
cell membrane
• Provides a medium for chemical
reactions to take place

cytoplasm
More on Cytoplasm
• Contains organelles to
carry out specific jobs

•Found in ALL cells cytoplasm


The Control Organelle -
Nucleus
• Controls the normal
activities of the
cell
• Contains the DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic Acid) in
chromosomes
• Bounded by a
nuclear
envelope (membrane) with
pores
• Usually the largest organelle
More on the Nucleus
Nucleus

• Each cell has fixed

number of
chromosomes that
carry genes
• Genes control cell
characteristics
Nuclear Envelope
• Double membrane surrounding
nucleus
• Also called nuclear membrane
• Contains nuclear pores for materials to
enter & leave nucleus
• Connected to the rough ER
Nuclear pores
Inside the Nucleus -
The genetic material (DNA) is found

DNA is spread out DNA is condensed &


And appears as wrapped around proteins
CHROMATIN forming
in non-dividing cells as CHROMOSOMES
in dividing cells
What Does DNA do?
DNA is the hereditary
material of the cell

Genes that make up the DNA


molecule code for different
proteins
Nucleolus
• Inside nucleus
• Cell may have 1 to 3
nucleoli
• Disappears when cell
divides
• Makes ribosomes
that make proteins
Cytoskeleton
• Helps cell maintain cell
shape
• Also help move organelles
around
• Made of proteins
• Microfilaments are
threadlike & made of ACTIN
• Microtubules are tubelike &
made of TUBULIN
Cytoskeleton

MICROTUBULES

MICROFILAMENTS
Centrioles
• Found only in animal cells
• Paired structures near nucleus
• Made of bundle of microtubules
• Appear during cell division
forming mitotic spindle
• Help to pull chromosome pairs
apart to opposite ends of the
cell
Mitochondrion
(plural = mitochondria)
• “Powerhouse” of the cell
• Generate cellular energy (ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate))
• More active cells like muscle
cells have MORE
mitochondria
• Both plants & animal cells
have mitochondria
• Site of CELLULAR
RESPIRATION (burning
glucose)
MITOCHONDRIA
Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane

Folded inner membrane called


CRISTAE (increases surface
area
for more chemical
Reactions)

Interior called MATRIX


Interesting Fact ---
• Mitochondria Come
from cytoplasm in
the EGG cell during
fertilization
Therefore …
• You inherit your
mitochondria from
your mother!
Cell Powerhouse
Mitochondrion
( mitochondria )

Rod shape
What do mitochondria do?
“Power plant” of
the cell

Burns glucose to
release energy (ATP)

Stores energy as ATP


Endoplasmic Reticulum -
ER
• Network of hollow membrane tubules
• Connects to nuclear envelope & cell membrane
• Functions in Synthesis of cell products & Transport

Two kinds of ER ---ROUGH & SMOOTH


Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum (Rough ER)
• Has ribosomes on its
surface
• Makes membrane
proteins and proteins
for EXPORT out of
cell
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum (Rough ER)
Proteins are made by
ribosomes on ER
surface
They are then threaded
into the interior of the
Rough ER to be
modified and
transported
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
• Smooth ER lacks
ribosomes on its surface
• Is attached to the ends of
rough ER
• Makes cell products that
are USED INSIDE the cell
Functions of the Smooth ER
• Makes membrane
lipids (steroids)
• Regulates calcium
(muscle cells)
• Destroys toxic
substances (Liver)
Endomembrane System

Includes nuclear membrane connected to ER connected to


cell membrane (transport)
Ribosomes
• Made of PROTEINS and rRNA
• “Protein factories” for cell
• Join amino acids to make proteins
• Process called protein synthesis


Ribosomes
Can be attached to
Rough ER
OR

Be free
(unattached) in
the cytoplasm
Golgi Bodies
• Stacks of flattened sacs
• Have a shipping side (trans
face) and receiving side (cis
face)
• Receive proteins made by ER
• Transport vesicles with
modified proteins pinch off
Transport
the ends vesicle
Golgi Bodies
Look like a stack of pancakes

Modify, sort, & package


molecules from ER
for storage OR
transport out of cell
Golgi

Materials are transported from Rough ER to Golgi to the cell membrane


by VESICLES
Lysosomes
• Contain digestive enzymes
• Break down food, bacteria,
and worn out cell parts for
cells
• Programmed for cell death
(AUTOLYSIS)
• Lyse (break open) & release
enzymes to break down &
recycle cell parts)
Vacuoles
• Fluid filled sacks for
storage
• Small or absent in
animal cells
• Plant cells have a
large Central Vacuole
• No vacuoles in
bacterial cells
Vacuoles
• In plants, they store
Cell Sap
• Includes storage of
sugars, proteins,
minerals, lipids,
wastes, salts, water,
and enzymes
Chloroplasts
• Found only in producers
(organisms containing
chlorophyll)
• Use energy from sunlight
to make own food
(glucose)
• Energy from sun stored
in the Chemical Bonds of
Sugars
Chloroplasts
• Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane
• Outer membrane smooth
• Inner membrane modified into sacs
called Thylakoids
• Thylakoids in stacks called Grana &
interconnected
• Stroma – gel like material surrounding
thylakoids
Chloroplasts
• Contains its own DNA
• Contains enzymes &
pigments for
Photosynthesis
• Never in animal or
bacterial cells
• Photosynthesis – food
making process
-Video Presentation
Summary:
1. Each part of the cell has a specific job to do is
called an organelle (“mini-organ”).
2. The part(s) that are present in animal cells only
is the centrioles.
3. The parts that are present in plant cells only are
the chloroplasts and cell wall.
4. The parts present in both plant and
animal cells are plasma membrane, cytoplasm,
mitochondrion, ER, Golgi body, ribosome,

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