NETWORKING 2

IT 219: LESSON IV
 OSI Model
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model
describes seven layers that computer systems use to
communicate over a network. It was the first standard
model for network communications, adopted by all major
computer and telecommunication companies in the early
1980s

The modern Internet is not based on OSI, but on the

simpler TCP/IP model. However, the OSI 7-layer model
concept is still widely used, as it helps visualize and
communicate how networks operate, and helps isolate
and troubleshoot networking problems.
 OSI Model
OSI was introduced in 1983 by representatives of the
major computer and telecom companies, and was
adopted by ISO as an international standard in 1984.

The OSI 7 Layers

7 Application Layer
6 Presentation Layer
5 Session Layer
4 Transport Layer
3 Network Layer
2 Data Link Layer
1 Physical Layer
OSI Model
 OSI Model
7. Application Layer
The application layer is used by end-user software
such as web browsers and email clients. It
provides protocols that allow software to send and
receive information and present meaningful data
to users.
Examples of application layer protocols are:
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• Post Office Protocol (POP)
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
• Domain Name System (DNS).
 OSI Model
6. Presentation Layer
The presentation layer prepares data for
the application layer. It defines how two
devices should encode, encrypt, and
compress data so it is received correctly
on the other end. The presentation layer
takes any data transmitted by the
application layer and prepares it for
transmission over the session layer.
 OSI Model
5. Session Layer
The session layer creates communication
channels, called sessions, between
devices. It is responsible for opening
sessions, ensuring they remain open and
functional while data is being transferred,
and closing them when communication
ends. The session layer can also set
checkpoints during a data transfer — if the
session is interrupted, devices can resume
data transfer from the last checkpoint.
 OSI Model
4. Transport Layer
The transport layer takes data transferred in
the session layer and breaks it into “segments”
on the transmitting end. It is responsible for
reassembling the segments on the receiving
end, turning it back into data that can be used
by the session layer.
The transport layer carries out flow control,
sending data at a rate that matches the
connection speed of the receiving device, and
error control, checking if data was received
incorrectly and if not, requesting it again.
 OSI Model
3. Network Layer
The network layer has two main
functions. One is breaking up segments
into network packets, and reassembling
the packets on the receiving end. The
other is routing packets by discovering
the best path across a physical network.
The network layer uses network
addresses (typically Internet Protocol
addresses) to route packets to a
destination node.
 OSI Model
2. Data Link Layer
The data link layer establishes and terminates
a connection between two physically-
connected nodes on a network. It breaks up
packets into frames and sends them from
source to destination. This layer is composed
of two parts — Logical Link Control (LLC),
which identifies network protocols, performs
error checking and synchronizes frames, and
Media Access Control (MAC) which uses MAC
addresses to connect devices and define
permissions to transmit and receive data.
 OSI Model
1. Physical Layer
The physical layer is responsible for the
physical cable or wireless connection
between network nodes. It defines the
connector, the electrical cable or
wireless technology connecting the
devices, and is responsible for
transmission of the raw data, which is
simply a series of 0s and 1s, while taking
care of bit rate control.
 OSI Model
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol. TCP/IP is a set of
standardized rules that allow computers to
communicate on a network such as the
internet.
OSI Model
 Cross Layer Functions
Cross-layer design allows protocols belonging to
different layers to cooperate and share network status
information; this will ensure that the best route is
chosen by taking into consideration energy
consumption and performance requirements.
include:
• Security service (telecommunication) provided by a
layer of communicating open systems, which ensures
suitable security of the systems or of data transfers.
• Management functions - functions that enable the
configuration, instantiation, monitoring and
terminating of the communications of two or more
entities.
 Cross Layer Functions
• Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) - operates
at an OSI-model layer that lies between layer 2
(data link layer) and layer 3 (network layer).
MPLS can be used to carry a variety of traffic,
including Ethernet frames and IP packets.
• Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) - translates
IPv4 addresses (OSI layer 3) into Ethernet Media
Access Control MAC addresses (OSI layer 2).
• Domain name service – an application layer
service used to look up the IP address of a
domain name.
END OF LESSON IV