Introduction to Computers

Today’s Goal

To learn about the Basic Components of

Computer

To learn about the Computer Hardware and its

Function
COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER
OUTPUT DEVICES
 WHAT IS OUTPUT
An output is the data that has been
processed in that form which is useful
by user or machine for future
processing.
Output can be in two forms Soft Copy
and Hard Copy.
 WHAT ARE OUTPUT DEVICES
Any hardware component used to show
results after processing to any user and it use
to send the results of processing to the user.
Output can be text, Audio, Video & graphics.
WHAT ARE OUTPUT DEVICES
Examples

 Monitor
 Printer
 Plotter
 Projectors
 Speakers
 Headphone etc.
 MONITOR/DISPLAY DEVICES
“Monitor or display devices are used to get
output on screen. It is like small television
and available in different sizes and
specifications. The text which is displayed
on screen is called softcopy.
 TYPES OF MONITOR
There are majorly two type of monitor
according to its specification. These are

 Monochrome monitor
 Color monitor
 MONOCHROME MONITOR
Monochrome monitor is based on a single
color that can be white, blue, black or gray
etc. these type of monitors is same like the
old mobile phones which have a single
color in back ground with black text in
display. That is very much useful in these
devices where we need simple display.
Like some ATM machines, mobile phones,
specific digital devices like PDA, pagers
etc.
 COLOR MONITOR
Color monitor is such monitor which is based on
colors as its name implies. Today mostly monitor
are based on color display rather it is flat panel
or tube based monitors. The basic colors in that
monitors are three which are RGB stands for
Red, Blue, Green by these basic colors a
monitor can generate many other colors by the
combination of these basic colors.
 FEATURES & SPECIFICATION
When we talked about monitor specification
and features then there are several factors
which we have to keep in our view. Whenever
we want to buy monitor we have to keep
these features in our view, defined as under:

 Color
 Size
 Resolution
 Pixel Pitch
 Refresher rate
 COLOR
Monitor can view different colors specifically
some monitor can view only single color in its
background and black text on its screen these
monitors are very simple (as defined above) is
called monochrome monitors.
Monitor work with three basic colors and by
these three colors it makes different colors in
by combinations. These colors are RGB, mean
Red, Green and Blue. By combinations it can
make 256 colors. More colors more exclusive
display.
 SIZE
Like television monitor is also available in
different sizes. The size started from15
inches to 22 inches monitor.
 RESOLUTION
An important characteristic of all monitor
screens is its resolution. The screen is
divided in to vertical and horizontal lines
and intersecting of these lines make many
small boxes and these boxes in used to
display images, called pixels
 RESOLUTION
Each point of light on the screen is called a
pixel. The resolution of a screen is the
number of pixels that the screen can
display. This is given as the number of
pixels across (horizontal resolution) by the
number of pixels down (vertical resolution).
For example, 800 x 600. The greater the
resolution the better. Modern screens can
display 1024 X 768 or better.
 PIXEL PITCH
The distance between two pixels on screen
is called pixel pitch. it is also an important
feature of monitor. If we want to view clear
images on monitors it must have less
distance between pixels. That pixel pitch is
also called dot pitch. It is measured in
millimeters.
 REFERESHER RATE
The refresh rate is the number of frames per second the
television can display. Its unit is a Hertz, which is equal to
1/second. 120Hz means it can draw 120 images per second.
Every monitor has a electric gun behind screen. That gun omits
light and makes images to the screen. Refresher rate is that time
which gun used to regenerate new image on screen. Refresher
rate is measured in hertz. It is also an important feature for better
quality of display. This is the number of times the image is
refreshed every second. A low refresh rate makes the image
appear to flicker. You need a refresh rate of at least 72 Hz (72
times a second) to avoid the appearance of flicker
Cross Sectional Representation of a CRT
 CRT MONITORS
The cathode ray tube (CRT) type monitors and makes
use of the same technology as a television screen. A
beam of electronics is fired from an electronic gun at the
back of the tube. This strikes the front of the tube which
is covered in a phosphorescent material which glows
when struck by electrons. Between the electron gun and
the screen the beam is modulated by a signal to produce
the image you see on the screen.
CRT MONITORS
 LCD MONITORS
• The LCD monitors bring lots of advantages when
compared to the CRT ones. The first advantage which
is also the most obvious one is the fact that the LCD
monitors are smaller and have a smaller weight than
the CRT monitors.
• The LCD monitors can be placed on the table and
they use far less space than the CRT monitors. This is
a great advantage. The picture quality of the LCD
monitors will be increased as well which means that
the movies will be displayed in a better quality and the
games will have better colors, and so on.
 LCD MONITORS
In most of the cases the LCD monitors will have certain
features which provide additional functionality. Some of
the LCD [liquid crystal display] monitors have USB
[Universal Serial Bus] hubs, HDMI [High Definition
Multimedia Interface] input, TV tuner, and so on. The
TV tuner is very important because you can use the
computer for watching TV. The aspect ratio of the
monitors has changed.
The resolution will be highly influenced by the monitor
size. The larger the size of the monitor is the larger
resolutions it will have. If you buy the biggest monitor
that you can buy because the experience of watching
movies or playing games on it will be much more
enjoyable.
 TOUCH SCREEN MONITORS
These monitors use touching of the screen as an input
method. Items can be selected or moved with a finger,
and finger motions may be used to convey commands.
The screen will need frequent cleaning due to image
degradation from fingerprints.
 PRINTERS
The second most common form of computer output is
printed documents. Although a computer can operate
perfectly without a printer, it is certainly helpful to the
user to have one. People often prefer to get printouts of
the work they have done rather than to look at it on the
screen it is considered a form of hard
 Types of Printer

Printer has majorly two types.

• Impact printers
• Non impact printers
 IMPACT PRINTERS
Impact printers produce output by striking a
ribbon with a hammer. When the ribbon is hit a
mark is made on the paper behind it. If carbon
paper is put into the printer then an impact printer
can print more than one copy of a document at a
time. This feature is often used by companies
when they print invoices, bills etc. Because of the
hammering action impact printers are noisy when
they are printing.
IMPACT PRINTERS
 NON IMPACT PRINTERS
Non-impact printers do not produce images by
hammering pins or characters against the paper.
Because there is no hammering action non-
impact printers are very quiet but cannot print
multiple copies using carbon paper.
 INK JET PRINTERS
Ink jet printers are the most popular type of
printer for use at home or in a small business.
This is because they are relatively cheap to
purchase and can print in color. Ink jet printers
generate output by squirting tiny jets of ink at the
paper to be printed on.
A column of ink jets in the print head moves
across the page squirting dots onto the page to
make the image.
 INK JET PRINTERS
Ink-jet printers can work in black and white or
color. Black and white versions cost from Rs
5,000 and color ones from about 10,000. They
are slower than laser printers (3ppm) and cost
slightly more to run.
 LASER PRINTERS
Laser printers are called Page Printers because
they print a whole page at a time. A laser beam is
used to draw the image to be printed onto a light
sensitive Drum. After the image has been drawn
on the drum a fine powder ink called Toner is put
onto it. The toner only sticks where the laser has
drawn the image. The paper then passes over the
drum and the toner is transferred onto the paper.
 LASER PRINTERSS
Laser printers produce very high quality output, are
very quiet and very fast. Typical home laser printers
can print 8 pages per minute (ppm). Some industrial
versions print over 40ppm and can print on both
sides of a piece of paper at the same time. The main
disadvantage of this type of printer is the high cost.
Small laser printers cost from Rs 3,000 to buy and
are more usually about Rs 8,000. Color laser printers
cost Rs 30,000+. Running costs are higher than
impact printers but lower than most ink jet printers.
 THERMAL PRINTERS
Thermal printers are no longer used as printers for PCs.
They are however still used in some computer control
systems, cashboxes and in many fax machines. These
printers print on special heat sensitive paper which is
expensive. The image is produced from small dots which
are made on the paper by heating it up. The quality is
reasonable and graphics can be printed.
 PLOTTERS
A plotter, like a printer, produces hard-copy output.
Plotters, which produce high-quality color graphics, are
usually categorized by whether they use pens or
electrostatic charges to create images. A continuous-
curve plotter is used to draw maps from stored data.
Computer-generated maps can be recovered and
plotted or used to show changes over time.
Plotters are generally more expensive than printers,
ranging from about 100,000 to $750,000 (or even more).
PLOTTERS
 SPEAKERS/ HEADPHONE
Speakers and headset is used to get audio output. A
system's speaker is the component that takes the
electronic signal stored on things like CDs, tapes and
DVDs and turns it back into actual sound that we can
hear. In any sound system, ultimate quality depends on
the speakers. The best recording, encoded on the most
advanced storage device and played by a top-of-the-line
deck and amplifier, will sound awful if the system is
hooked up to poor speakers.
 MULTIMEDIA/PROJECTORS
A Digital Projector/Multimedia is an electo-optical machine which
converts image data from a computer or video source to a bright image
which is then imaged on a distant wall or screen using a lens system.
The cost of a device is not only determined by its resolution, but also by
its brightness. The projector serves the following purposes:
• Visualization of data stored in a computer for presentations
• Demonstration of program products for a large number of prospective
customers
• The projector replaces the white board as well as written documents.
• Watching moving images from a video tape player or digital video
disk player.
• Digital projectors may also be built into cabinets which use a rear
projection screen to form a single unified display device, now popular
for "home theater" applications.