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DIP Module 2 V3

Digital Image Processing PPT

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keerti Kulkarni
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42 views11 pages

DIP Module 2 V3

Digital Image Processing PPT

Uploaded by

keerti Kulkarni
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 11

Strive for Excellence

Slide #1

In this PPT
1.What is a Histogram ?
2.Basic Image Types and
their Histograms
3.Histogram Equalization
4.Applications of Histogram
Equalization
Strive for Excellence
Slide #2

1. What is a Histogram ?
• The histogram of a digital image with intensity levels in the
range [0, L-1] is a discrete function
• h(rk) = nk where

• rk = the kth intensity value and

• nk = the number of pixels in an image with the intensity r k


• It is common practice to normalize a histogram by dividing
each of its components by the total number of pixels in the
image, denoted by the product MN where M and N are the
row and column dimensions of the image
• Thus, a normalized histogram is given by
• p(rk) = rk / MN
• Histogram manipulation can be used for image enhancement
Strive for Excellence
Slide #3

2. Basic Image types and their


Histograms

Figure 2.15a : A dark


image and its histogram

Figure 2.15b : A light


image and its histogram
Strive for Excellence
Slide #4

2. Basic Image types and their


Histograms Contd

Figure 2.15c : A low


contrast image and its
histogram

Figure 2.15d : A high


contrast image and its
histogram
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Slide #5

3. Histogram Equalization
• Technique to improve the contrast in images.
• It accomplishes it by stretching out the intensity range of an
image
• The objective of this technique is to give a linear trend to the
cumulative probability function associated to the image.

Figure 2.16b : Result of


Figure 2.16a : An arbitrary PDF applying the transformation to
all intensity levels
Strive for Excellence
Slide #6

3. Histogram Equalization
• Consider continuous intensity values and let r denote the
intensities of an image to be processed, with r in the range
[0,L-1]
• We consider Transformations(Intensity Mappings) of the form
s = T(r) 0 ≤ r ≤ L – 1
• that produce an output intensity level s for every pixel in the
input image having intensity r. We assume that
1. T(r) is a monotonically increasing function in the range
[0,L-1]
2. 0 ≤ T(r) ≤ L – 1 for 0≤r ≤ L–1
• We may sometimes have to use the inverse also
r = T-1 (s) for 0≤ s ≤ L–1
• In which case the 1 condition changes to
st

3. T(r) is a strictly monotonically increasing function in the


interval 0≤r ≤ L–1
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Slide #7

3. Histogram Equalization Contd

• The requirement in condition (1) that be monotonically


increasing guarantees that output intensity values will
never be less than corresponding input values, thus
preventing artifacts created by reversals of intensity.
• Condition (2) guarantees that the range of output intensities
is the same as the input.
• Finally, condition (3 ) guarantees that the mappings from s
back to r will be one-to-one, thus preventing ambiguities.
Strive for Excellence
Slide #8

Monotonically Increasing
Functions

Figure 2.16a : Figure 2.16b : Strictly


Monotonically increasing monotonically increasing
function, showing how function. This is a one-to-
multiple values can map to one mapping, both ways.
a single value.
Strive for Excellence
Slide #9

3. Histogram Equalization Contd


• The Transformation in the Continuous Domain is

• Where w is the dummy variable of integration and the


RHS of this equation is the cumulative distribution
function (CDF) of random variable r.

• The Transformation in the Discrete domain


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Slide #10

4. Histogram Equalization
Application

Figure 2.17 : Images after Histogram Equalization


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Slide #11

Histogram Equalization Application


Contd

Figure 2.18 : Images after Histogram Equalization

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