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Data Base Concepts2

Database introduction

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Vrinda Mathur
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10 views15 pages

Data Base Concepts2

Database introduction

Uploaded by

Vrinda Mathur
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IIS (deemed to be

University)

Database Concepts
Contents
 DBMS Concepts
 Disadvantages of Conventional File Processing System
 Main Characteristics of the Database Approach
 Data models
 Three-schema architecture
 Data Independence
 Database Languages
 Database Users
 References
DBMS Concepts
 Data: Known facts that can be recorded and have an implicit meaning.
 Database: Collection of related data & contains information about one particular
enterprise.
 A DB has some source from which data are derived, degree of interaction with
events in the real world and users that are actively interested in the contents of
DB.
 Example: Oracle, DB2.
 DBMS: Consists of a collection of interrelated data & a set of programs to access
those data.
 The management of data involves both the definition of structures for the storage
of info. & mechanism for manipulation of info.
DBMS Concepts
GOAL OF A DBMS:

 Primary goal is to provide an environment that is both convenient & efficient to


use in retrieving & storing DB information.

 Provide users with an abstract view of data.

 The database and software together form a database system.

 It includes the following tasks:

◦ Defining

◦ Constructing

◦ Manipulating

◦ Sharing

 Prior to DBMS systems, the data was kept under the file system in forms of
Disadvantages of Conventional
File Processing System

 Data Redundancy & Inconsistency


 Difficulty in accessing data
 Data isolation
 Integrity problems
 Atomicity problems
 Concurrent-access anomalies
 Security problems
Main Characteristics of the
Database Approach
 Self-describing nature of a database system

 Insulation between programs and data

 Data Abstraction

 Support of multiple views of the data

 Sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing


Data Models
 A database provides some level of data abstraction by hiding details of data
storage.
 A data model is the main tool for providing this abstraction.
 Operations on the data model may include basic operations and user-defined
operations.
 Three data models:
 High-level (Conceptual) data model
◦ a human-oriented data model (close to the way many users perceive data)
◦ concepts such as entities, relationships, attributes
◦ presented by Entity-relationship model
 Representational (Implementation) data model
◦ high level description of the implementation
◦ used most frequently in current commercial DBMSs
◦ Relational model, Network model, Hierarchical model, object-oriented
Data Models
 Low-level (physical) data model
◦ On how data is stored in computer (i.e. record format, record
ordering, access path, etc.)

Schema : Loosely speaking, a description (definition) of data such as


item name, data type, constraints etc.
 not frequently change
 also called "intension"

Instance (occurrence / database state / snapshot) : actual data


(contents) that is stored in some schema
 expected to change frequently
 also called "extension of the schema"
DATA ABSTRACTION / VIEW OF DATA / THREE-
SCHEMA ARCHITECTURE (ANSI-SPARC
ARCHITECTURE)
Database Independence
 Logical data independence
◦ Ability to modify the conceptual schema without having alteration in
external schemas or application programs. Alterations in the
conceptual schema may include:
◦ Addition or deletion of fresh entities, attributes or relationships and
should be possible without having alteration to existing external
schemas or having to rewrite application programs.

 Physical Data Independence:


◦ Ability to modify the inner schema without having alteration to the
conceptual schemas or application programs.
◦ Alteration in the internal schema might include:
◦ Using new storage devices
◦ Using different data structures
◦ Switching from one access method to other.
◦ Using different file organizations or storage structures.
Database Languages
 Data Definition Language (DDL)
 Data Manipulation Language (DML)
◦ Procedural or Low-Level DMLs
◦ Non-procedural or High-Level DMLs
 SDL (Storage Definition Language)
 VDL (View Definition Language)
Database Users
 Database administrators
 Database Designers
 End-users:
◦ Casual
◦ Naïve or Parametric
◦ Sophisticated
◦ Stand-alone
References
 Silberschatz, A., Korth, H. F., & Sudarshan, S. (2016). Introduction
to Data base Management System.
 Rob, P., Coronel, C., Silberschatz, A., Korth, H., & Sudarshan, S.
(2006). Database systems: Design, implementation. Management.
Seventh Edition. Course Technology.
 Elmasri, R., & Navathe, S. (2016). Fundamentals of database
systems. London: Pearson.
Queries??

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