STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

CHAPTER 9 STRESSES AND STRAINS

STATICS

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Direct Stress
Direct stress results from forces acting perpendicular to the plane of the crosssection  may be tensile, st or compressive, sc


Tension

Compression

P s! A
Internal stresses Revealed x-sectional area

DETERMINING LOAD CAPACITY

P!s A
all

DETERMINING REQUIRED AREA

P A! s
ALL

Direct Stress is always:

1.

2.

Parallel to the cross section Perpendicular to the cross section

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1

0%
2

Normal or Direct stress is a function of:

1. 2. 3.

Force/Length Area/Force Force/Area

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1

0%
2

0%
3

The units of Normal Stress are:

1. 2. 3.

lbs/ft or N/m lbs2/ft or N2/m lbs/ft2 or N/m2

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1

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2

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3

P s ! A
P

Part a Area = 2in x 2in = 4 in2

Part b

Rework the previous example assuming the steel bar to be 50mm by 50 mm in cross section a loaded with an axial load of 400 KiloNewtons (KN)
1. 2. 3.

160 KPa 1600 Pa 160 MPa

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1

0%
2

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3

Areacolumn = 5.5 in x 5.5 in = 30.25 in2

Bearing stress between post and concrete

Bearing stress at base of footing

TSTC got money to build a new sports arena for Basketball. The new scoreboard is to be hung with 4 steel cables, one at each corner. The scoreboard itself is going to weigh 350,000 lbs. If maximum allowable stress in steel cable is 20 ksi, what diameter must the cables be to support the scoreboard?

1. 2. 3. 4.

1.18 inches 2.75 inches 2.36 inches 3.27 inches

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1

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2

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3

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4

Determine x-sec Area

T ( 25 ) A! ! 491mm 4
2

Determine max load

Determine required Area

Bearing Area

AT B-B AT A-A
Area = 0.5in x 4in = 2in2

SHEAR

ASSUMPTIONS
1. 2. 3. 4. LOAD RESISTED EQUALLY BY EACH BOLT STRESS IS DISTRIBUTED EQUALLY ACROSS EACH CROSS SECTION ONE PLANE OF SHEAR IN EACH BOLT EACH BOLT RESISTS 9,000 LB

Area(each bolt) =

x (.75in)2 = .442in2

P 18,000 s ! ! ! 20,362 psi A 2(.442in )

S 2

ASSUMPTIONS
1. EACH JOINT RESISTS HALF THE LOAD

AREA (PER JOINT) = 75MM X 100 MM = 7,500MM2

ASSUMPTIONS
1. 2 PLANES OF SHEAR 2. EACH PLAN RESISTS HALF OF LOAD

Direct or Normal Strain

Strain Deformation

F L  dl

Direct Strain (I ) = Change in Length Original Length i.e. I = dl/L

Stretching a copper wire

Shear Stress and Shear Strain Contd.

C x C P
J

D Q R B

D F

Shear strain is the distortion produced by shear stress on an element or rectangular block as above. The shear strain, K (gamma) is given as: K = x/L = tan J

Shear Animation

Shear Stress and Shear Strain Concluded

 

For small , J K !J Shear strain then becomes the change in the right angle. It is dimensionless and is measured in radians.

arc length = radians radius

1.3 Complementary Shear Stress

P

X1

X2
a

X2 S X1

Consider a small element, PQRS of the material in the last diagram. Let the shear stress created on faces PQ and RS be X 1

Complimentary Shear Stress Contd.



The element is therefore subjected to a couple and for equilibrium, a balancing couple must be brought into action. This will only arise from the shear stress on faces QR and PS. Let the shear stresses on these faces be . X2

Complimentary Shear Stress Contd.

Let t be the thickness of the material at right angles to the paper and lengths of sides of element be a and b as shown.  For equilibrium, clockwise couple = anticlockwise couple  i.e. Force on PQ (or RS) x a = Force on QR (or PS) x b
 

X1

x bt

x a !X2

x at

x b

i. e. X 1

! X2

Complimentary Shear Stress Concluded



Thus: Whenever a shear stress occurs on a plane within a material, it is automatically accompanied by an equal shear stress on the perpendicular plane. The direction of the complementary shear stress is such that their couple opposes that of the original shear stresses.

RELATIONSHIP OF STRESS AND STRAIN

s E! I

E Modulus of Elasticity (Youngs Modulus)

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY IN SHEAR

(OR MODULUS OF RIGIDITY)

Shear _ stress s G! ! Shear _ strain I

calculating stess Strain - Aluminum

Strain - Steel

Strain - Titanium

Total Elongation

Cross sectional area

Tensile Stress

Axial Deformation

Area 1

Area 2

larger of the 2 areas must be used to find diameter

verify stress

BAR WITH INTERMEDIATE AXIAL LOADS

Total Elongation

=
AB

AB

BC + CD

BC

CD

What is displacement of point C? P1 = 10kN P2 = 26kN a=b L1=.5m A1=160mm2 L2=.8m A2=100mm2 E=200GPa for steel

vertical steel bar

P3 x a = P2 x b P3 = P2 x b a P3 = 26kN

LOAD ON AB

P3 P1 = 16kN

DISPLACEMENT AT POINT C