13e

CHAPTER 2:

Science, Matter, Energy and Life

 2-2 What Is Matter?
• Concept 2-2 Matter consists of elements
and compounds, which are in turn made
up of atoms, ions, or molecules.
 Matter Consists of Elements
and Compounds
• Matter
– Has mass and takes up space

• Elements
– Unique properties
– Cannot be broken down chemically into other
substances

• Compounds
– Two or more different elements bonded
together in fixed proportions
 Gold and Mercury Are Chemical Elements

Figure 2. Gold (left) and mercury (right)

are chemical elements; each has a unique
set of properties and it cannot be broken
down into simpler substances.

Fig. 2-
Chemical Elements Used in The Book

Table 2-1, p. 38
Atoms, Ions, and Molecules Are
the Building Blocks of Matter (1)
• Atomic theory
– All elements are made of atoms: is the t basic building
block of matter (atomic theory)
• Subatomic particles
– Protons with positive charge and neutrons with no charge
in nucleus
– Negatively charged electrons orbit the nucleus
• Atomic number: E
– Number of protons in nucleus
• Mass number
– Number of protons plus neutrons in nucleus
Model of a Carbon-12 Atom

Fig. 2-5, p. 39
 6 protons
Figure 2.5: This is a greatly simplified model of a carbon-12
atom. It consists of a nucleus containing six protons, each with
a positive electrical charge, and six neutrons with no electrical
charge. Six negatively charged electrons are found outside its
6 neutrons
nucleus. We cannot determine the exact locations of the
electrons. Instead, we can estimate the probability that they
will be found at various locations outside the nucleus—
sometimes called an electron probability cloud. This is
6 electrons
somewhat like saying that there are six airplanes flying around
inside a cloud. We do not know their exact location, but the
cloud represents an area in which we can probably find them.
For example,

• a carbon atom with 6 protons and 6 neutrons in its

nucleus has a mass number of 12.

• a uranium atom with 92 protons and 143 neutrons in its

nucleus has a mass number of 235 (92 + 143 = 235).
Atoms, Ions, and Molecules Are
the Building Blocks of Matter (2)
• Isotopes
– Same element, different number of neytrons

Scientists identify isotopes by attaching their mass

numbers to the name or symbol of the element. For
example, the three most common isotopes of carbon are
carbon-12 (with six protons and six neutrons), carbon-13
(with six protons and seven neutrons), and carbon-14 (with
six protons and eight neutrons). Carbon-12 makes up
about 98.9% of all naturally occurring carbon.
Atoms, Ions, and Molecules Are
the Building Blocks of Matter (2)
• Ions
– Gain or lose electrons
– Form ionic compounds
• An atom or groups of atoms with one or more net
positive or negative electrical charges.
• An ion forms when an atom gains or loses one or more
electrons. An atom that loses one or more of its electrons
has a positive electrical charge because the number of
positively charged protons in its nucleus is now greater
than the number of negatively charged electrons outside
its nucleus
Atoms, Ions, and Molecules Are
the Building Blocks of Matter (2)
• Ions
• Atoms of metals tend to lose one or more of their
electrons to form positively charged ions such as Na+,
Ca2+, and Al3+.
• For example, an atom of the metallic element sodium
(Na, atomic number 11) with 11 positively charged
• protons and 11 negatively charged electrons can lose
one of its electrons. It then becomes a sodium ion with a
positive charge of 1 (Na+) because it now has 11
positive charges (protons) but only 10 negative charges
(electrons).
Chemical Ions Used in This Course
 Loss of NO3− from a Deforested Watershed

Figure 2.6: This graph shows the loss of nitrate ions (NO3–) from a deforested
watershed in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (Figure 2, right). The average
concentration of nitrate ions in runoff from the experimental deforested watershed was
about 60 times greater than in a nearby unlogged watershed used as a control (Figure
2-1, left). (Data from F. H. Bormann and Gene Likens)
 60
Nitrate (NO3–) concentration
(milligrams per liter)

40

Disturbed
Undisturbed (experimental)
20 (control) watershed
watershed

1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972
Year
Ions are also important for measuring a substance’s
acidity in a water solution.
• pH
– Measure of acidity
– H+ and OH-
• Pure water (not tap water or rainwater) has an equal
number of H+ and OH- ions. It is called a neutral solution
and has a pH of 7. An acidic solution has more hydrogen
ions than hydroxide ions and has a pH less than 7. A
basic solution has more hydroxide ions than hydrogen
ions and has a pH greater than 7.
 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules Are
the Building Blocks of Matter (3)
• Molecule
– Two or more atoms of the same or different
elements held together by chemical bonds
are the basic units of some compounds
• Compounds

• Chemical formula: to show the number of

each type of atom or ion in a compound
sodium chloride (NaCl) and water (H2O, read as “H-two-
O”).
Compounds Used in This Book
 Organic Compounds Are the
Chemicals of Life
• Organic compounds: which contain at least two carbon
atoms combined with atoms of one or more other elements,
such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus

– Hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons

– Simple carbohydrates
– Macromolecules: complex organic molecules
• Complex carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids
• Lipids

• Inorganic compounds
 Glucose Structure

Figure 7 Straight-chain and ring structural formulas of glucose, a simple sugar that
can be used to build long chains of complex carbohydrates such as starch and
cellulose.
 Amino Acids and Proteins

Figure 8 This model illustrates both the general structural formula of amino
acids and a specific structural formula of one of the 20 different amino acid
molecules that can be linked together in chains to form proteins that fold up
into more complex shapes.
 Nucleotide Structure in DNA and RNA

Figure 9 This diagram shows the generalized structures of the nucleotide molecules
linked in various numbers and sequences to form large nucleic acid molecules such as
various types of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). In DNA, the
five-carbon sugar in each nucleotide is deoxyribose; in RNA it is ribose. The four basic
nucleotides used to make various forms of DNA molecules differ in the types of
nucleotide bases they contain—guanine (G), cytosine (C), adenine (A), and thymine (T).
(Uracil, labeled U, occurs instead of thymine in RNA.)
 DNA Double Helix Structure and Bonding

Figure 10 Portion of the double helix of a

DNA molecule. The double helix is
composed of two spiral (helical) strands of
nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a
unit of phosphate (P), deoxyribose
(S), and one of four nucleotide bases:
guanine (G),cytosine (C), adenine (A), and
thymine (T). The two strands are held
together by hydrogen bonds formed
between various pairs of the nucleotide
bases. Guanine (G) bonds with cytosine
(C), and adenine (A) with thymine (T).
 Fatty Acid Structure and Trigyceride

Figure 11 The structural formula of fatty acid that is one form of lipid
(left) is shown here. Fatty acids are converted into more complex fat molecules
(center) that are stored in adipose cells (right).
 Matter Comes to Life through Genes,
Chromosomes, and Cells
• Cells: fundamental units of life; all
organisms are composed of one or more
cells (cell theory)
• Genes
– Sequences of nucleotides within DNA
– Instructions for proteins (genetic information).
– Create inheritable traits
• Chromosomes: composed of many
genes
Cells, Nuclei, Chromosomes, DNA, and Genes

Figure 2.7: This

diagram shows
the relationships
among cells,
nuclei,
chromosomes,
DNA, and genes.

Fig. 2-7, p. 42
 A human body contains trillions
of cells, each with an identical
set of genes.

Each human cell (except for red

blood cells) contains a nucleus.
Figure 2.: This
diagram shows
the relationships Each cell nucleus has an
identical set of chromosomes,
among cells, which are found in pairs.
nuclei,
chromosomes,
DNA, and genes. A specific pair of chromosomes
contains one chromosome from
each parent.

Each chromosome contains a

long DNA molecule in the form
of a coiled double helix.

Genes are segments of

DNA on chromosomes that
contain instructions to make
proteins—the building blocks of life.
 Useful than Others
Matter quality: is a measure of how useful a form
of matter is to humans as a resource.
• High-quality matter
– Highly concentrated
– Near earth’s surface
– High potential as a resource
• Low-quality matter
– Not highly concentrated
– Deep underground or widely dispersed
– Low potential as a resource
 Examples of Differences in Matter Quality

Figure 2.8: These examples illustrate

the differences in matter quality. High-
quality matter (left column) is fairly
easy to extract and is highly
concentrated; low-quality matter (right
column) is not highly concentrated and
is more difficult to extract than high-
quality matter.

Fig. 2-8, p. 42
 High Quality Low Quality

Solid Gas

Salt Solution of salt in water

Coal Coal-fired power plant emissions

Gasoline Automobile
emissions

Aluminum can Aluminum ore Fig. 2-8, p. 42