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Learning Behavior

Substrate concentration

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Muhammad Hassan
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13 views15 pages

Learning Behavior

Substrate concentration

Uploaded by

Muhammad Hassan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Learning

Behavior
Learning Behavior is aquired behavior of
animal which attains during it’s lifetime.
This behavior is the process through which
individual attains experience and leave
their mark which permits the individuals to
develop new adaptations in the light of
past experiences. There is wide variation in
the ability of different animals to learn.
For example, a lion cub born quite helpless is
sheltered and fed by its mother until it can move
about. It gains agility in playing with it’s mates. It
has constant opportunity to watch and copy it’s
parents and other members of group. It’s
behavior and particularly the method and art of
hunting may change according to circumstances
throughout its life.
Classification of learned behavior:
1. Habituation
2. Imprinting
3. Conditional reflex
4. Trial and error
5. Latent learning
6. Insight learning
7. Reasoning
• Habituation
Considered as simplest form of learning. It
represents the reduction of responsiveness
which are of no use or harm to the life of
animal.
It is an important process for adjusting
animal’s behavior to it’s environment. It not
only involves the aquistions of new responses
but the loss of old ones also.
For example, a snail moving across a
sheet of glass retracts into its shell when
the glass is tapped. After a short pause it
emerges and continues crawling. A
second tap also causes retraction but
very soon it emerges more quickly.
Tapping is continued for many times and
it is observed that the snail’s response
decreases gradually and finally ceases.
Imprinting:
Form of learning in the Early period of life is called
imprinting. Sometimes particular early experience is
restrained throughout life. It is concerned with behavior
elicited by particular visual, auditory, olfactory or tactile
stimuli.
It was Lorenz who introduced this topic by experimening
with geese. He found that broods of geese follow the object
it looks or hear just after hatching. It will do so completely
ignoring anything else. He kept the mother geese away
from hatching broods of goslings and kept himself standing
there.
He got broods of goslings vto follow him
even if they see their mother along the
way.
This type of behavior is involved in social
development of animals.i.e the younger
we adopt and rear a litter of animals the
easier is to tame them. E.g cats and dogs.
• Conditioned reflex:
Reflex action shown under some conditins is
called conditioned reflex. The understanding
of mechanism of conditioned reflex is based
on Pavlov’s classical experiment on dog.
He placed a hungry dog on a stand,
restrained by harness and every precaution
was taken to exclude disturbances.
In this condition, a controlled stimuli meat
poweder was puffed into dog’s mouth
through a tube causing secretion of certain
amount of sliva. Then measured drops of
sliva and repeated the process. In this
whole process of puffing meat powder a
bell was also rung. After repeated
experiment the dog sliva was conditioned
on sound of ring.
•Trial and error learning:
Animals learns many things by trial and
errors. Learning begins when animal
associates certain movements with
favorable or unfavorable results. Thus,
experimentally, trail or error learning
involves either reward or punishment or
both.
Thorndike’s experiment
He deviced a box for investigating trial and
error learning. A bar in the box opens the door
when pressed. A dish was placed before a
hunger cat placed in the box. Cat moves about
at random and sooner or later strikes the bar.
Second time it presses the lever and opens the
door quickly. Further car associated herself
pressing the bar with reward of food.
•Latent learning:
It is association of indifferent stimuli or
situation without patent reward. It means
that the actual process may involve
associative learning but there is lack of
reward and also the fact that what is
learnt may not be obvious at the time
that’s why it is known as latent.
Example, a mouse and a maze.
• Insight learning:
This theory was given by kohler and koffka. It states that
the ability to solve complex problem demands something
more than trial and error, Conditioned reflex, latent
learning etc. It requires some degree of previous
Learning to be used in new situation in a flash, insight
appears to as one of the highest form of learning.
Everyone can recall occasions when the solution to a
problem has come in flash. Insight maybe climax to
several minutes of concentrated thinking.
This ability can be recognized in apes and man as
the ability to develop concepts to act in a new
situation quite independently.e.g box problem
experiment.
• Reasoning:
The Early ethologists do not separate the reasoning
with that of insight learning but modern ethologists
separate it and consider it to be highest evolved
form of animal behavior found only in apes and
man.

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