Computer Networks

CSE 4511
 Network
 Network: A set of devices (nodes) connected by communication
links
 Node: Computer, printer, or any device capable of sending and/or
receiving data
 To be considered effective and efficient, a network must meet a
number of criteria

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Type of Connection

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Type of Connection
 Point-to-point
 Dedicated link between two devices
 The entire capacity of the channel is reserved
 Ex) Microwave link, TV remote control

 Multipoint
 More than two devices share a single link
 Capacity of the channel is either
 Spatially shared: Devices can use the link
simultaneously
 Timeshare: Users take turns

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 Physical Topology

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Mesh Topology
 Dedicated point-to-point
link to every other nodes
 A mesh network with n
nodes has n(n-1)/2 links.
A node has n-1 I/O ports
(links)
 Advantages: No traffic
problems, robust,
security, easy fault
identification & isolation
 Disadvantages: Difficult
installation/reconfiguratio
n, space, cost

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Star Topology
 Dedicated point-to-point link only to a central controller,
called a hub
 Hub acts as an exchange: No direct traffic between
devices
 Advantages: Less expensive, robust
 Disadvantages: dependency of the whole on one single
point, the hub

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Bus Topology
 One long cable that links all nodes
 tap, drop line, cable end
 limit on the # of devices, distance between nodes
 Advantages: Easy installation, cheap
 Disadvantages: Difficult reconfiguration, no fault isolation, a
fault or break in the bus stops all transmission

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Ring Topology
 Dedicated point-to-point link only with the two nodes on
each sides
 One direction, repeater
 Advantages: Easy reconfiguration, fault isolation
 Disadvantage: Unidirectional traffic, a break in the ring
cab disable the entire network

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Hybrid Topology
 Example: Main star topology with each branch connecting several
stations in a bus topology
 To share the advantages from various topologies

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 Categories of Networks

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LAN
 Usually privately owned
 A network for a single office, building, or campus  a few
Km
 Common LAN topologies: bus, ring, star
 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a
closet

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MAN
 Designed to extend to an entire city
 Cable TV network, a company’s connected LANs
 Owned by a private or a public company

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WAN
 Long distance transmission, e.g., a country, a continent,
the world
 Enterprise network: A WAN that is owned and used by
one company

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 Internetwork
 Internetwork (internet) : two or more networks
are connected by internetworking devices
 Internetworking devices: router, gateway, etc.
 The Internet: a specific worldwide network

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 Internetwork Example
 A heterogeneous network : four WANs and
two LANs

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 Internet Today

• ISP (Internet service

providers)
• NISP (national ISP)
• NAP (network access
point)

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 Network Models

1. Layered Tasks
2. The OSI Model
3. Layers in the OSI Model
4. TCP/IP Protocol Suite
5. Addressing

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 Layered Model: Sending a
Letter

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 OSI Model
• ISO is the organization. OSI is the model

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 Interaction between layers in the OSI
model
• Layer and interface

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 An exchange using the OSI
model
• Encapsulation with header and possibly trailer

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Physical Layer
 The physical layer is responsible for movements of
individual bits from one hop (node) to the next
 Mechanical and electrical specification, the procedures
and functions

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 Physical Layer:
Responsibilities
Physical characteristics of interfaces and
media
Representation of bits
Data rate
Synchronization of bits
Line configuration
Physical topology
Transmission mode

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Data Link Layer
 The data link layer is responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node) to the next
 Transform the physical layer to a reliable (error-
free) link

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 Data Link Layer: Duties
Framing
Physical addressing
Flow control
Error control
Access control

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 Hop-to-Hop Delivery

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Network Layer
 The network layer is responsible for the
delivery of packets from the source host to the
destination host

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 Network Layer: Duties
Logical addressing and routing

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Transport Layer
 The transport layer is responsible for delivery
of a message from one process to another

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 Transport Layer: Duties
Service-point (port) addressing
Segmentation and reassembly
Connection control
Flow control
Error control

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 Reliable Process-to-Process Delivery of a
Message

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Session Layer
 Session layer is responsible for dialog control
and synchronization

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Presentation Layer
 Presentation layer is responsible for translation,
compression, and encryption

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Application Layer
 Application layer is responsible for providing
services to the user

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 Application Layer: Services
Network virtual terminal
Mail services
File transfer, access, and management
Directory services

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 Summary of Layers

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 TCP/IP and OSI Model

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 TCP/IP Protocol Suite
 Host-to-network : Physical and data link layer
 No specific protocol
 Network layer
 IP(Internet Protocl), ARP(Address Resolution Protocol),
RARP(Reverse ARP), ICMP(Internet Control Message
Protocol), IGMP(Internet Group Message Protocol)
 Transport layer
 TCP(Transmission Control Protocol), UDP(User
Datagram Protocl), SCTP(Stream Control Transmission
Protocol),
 Application Layer
 Combined session, presentation, and application layers

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Addressing
 Four levels of addresses in TCP/IP protocols
 Physical (link), logical (IP, network), port, and specific
addresses

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Relationship of Layers and Addresses

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Physical Address
 A node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node
with physical address 87. The two nodes are connected
by a link (bus topology LAN). As the figure shows, the
computer with physical address 10 is the sender, and
the computer with physical address 87 is the receiver.

07:01:02:01:2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.

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Logical (IP) Address

 The physical addresses will change from hop to hop, but

the logical addresses usually remain the same
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Port Address
 The physical addresses change from hop to hop, but the
logical and port addresses usually remain the same

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Specific Address
 Some application have user-friendly addresses that are
designed for that specific address
 Example 1: e-mail address: [email protected]
 Defines the recipient of an e-mail
 Example 2: URL (Universal Resource Locator) :
www.kbs.co.kr
 Used to find a document on the WWW

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