1.

2 MOLE CONCEPT

11/05/08 MATTER 1
 Learning Outcome
At the end of this topic, students should be
able :

(a) Define mole in terms of mass of

carbon-12 and Avogadro constant, NA.

(b) Interconvert between moles, mass, number of

particles, molar volume of gas at s.t.p. and
room temperature.
11/05/08 MATTER 2
 (c) Determine empirical and molecular
formulae from mass composition or
combustion data.

11/05/08 MATTER 3
 (d) Define and perform calculation for
each
of the following concentration
measurements :

i) molarity (M)
ii) molality (m)
iii) mole fraction, X
iv) percentage by mass, % w/w
v) percentage by volume, %V/V
11/05/08 MATTER 4
 (e) Determine the oxidation number of an
element in a chemical formula.

(f) Write and balance :

i) chemical equation by inspection
method
ii) redox equation by ion-electron
method

11/05/08 MATTER 5
 (g) Define limiting reactant and percentage
yield.

(h) Perform stoichiometric calculations

using mole concept including reactant
and percentage yield.

11/05/08 MATTER 6
 1.2 Mole Concept
A mole is defined as the amount of
substance which contains equal number of
particles (atoms / molecules / ions) as
there are atoms in exactly 12.000g of
carbon-12.

11/05/08 MATTER 7
 One mole of carbon-12 atom has a mass of
exactly 12.000 grams and contains 6.02 x 1023
atoms.

 The value 6.02 x 1023 is known as Avogadro

Constant.

NA = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1

11/05/08 MATTER 8
 Example
1.0 mole of chlorine atom = 6.02 x 1023 chlorine atoms
= 35.5 g Cl
1.0 mole of chlorine = 6.02 x 1023 chlorine
molecules molecules
= 71.1 g Cl2
= 6.022 x 1023 x 2 chlorine
atoms
1.0 mole of NH3 = 6.02x 1023 molecules
= 6.02 x 1023 x 4 atoms
= 6.02 x 1023 N atom
= 6.02 x 1023 X 3 H atoms
11/05/08 MATTER 9
 Molar Mass
 The mass of one mole of an element or one
mole of compound is referred as molar mass.

 Unit : g mol-1

 Example:

- molar mass of Mg = 24 g mol-1

- molar mass of CH4 = (12 + 4) gmol-1
= 16 g mol-1

11/05/08 MATTER 10
 Number of Mole

Mass (g)
Number of mole =
Molar Mass (g mol -1 )

11/05/08 MATTER 11
 Example 1

In 14 g of N 2 , calculate;
i. Number of moles molecule if molar mass = 28 g mol -1
ii. Number of molecule
iii. Number of atoms

11/05/08 MATTER 12
Solution :
i. Number of moles molecule if molar mass = 28 gmol -1
Mass (g)
Number of mole molecules N 2 =
Molar Mass (g mol -1 )
14 g
=
28 g mol -1
= 0.5 mol

11/05/08 MATTER 13
 Example 1 (cont…)
ii. Numberof molecule
Number of moleculesN2 = Numberof mole x NA
= 0.5x 6.022x 1023
= 3.011x 1023 molecules

iii.Numberofatoms
1 moleculeofN2 contains2 atomsof N
3.011x 1023 moleculeofN2 contains2 x 3.011x 1023 atomsof N
= 6.022x 1023 atoms

11/05/08 MATTER 14
 Example 2
Calculate the numberH atom in 1 mole of NH3
1 mole of NH3 contains3 molesof H atoms
Numberof atoms
Number of moles=
NA
Numberof atoms= 3 x 6.022x 1023
= 1.807x 1024atoms

11/05/08 MATTER 15
 Example 3
Calculate the number of bromide ions in 2 moles of CaBr2
1 mole of CaBr2 contains 2 moles of bromide ions
2 mole of CaBr2 contains 4 moles of bromide ions
so,
Number of bromide ions = 4 x 6.022 x 10 23
= 1.2046 x 10 24 ions

11/05/08 MATTER 16
 1.2.1 Mole Concept of Gases
 Molar volume of any gas at STP = 22.4 dm3 mol-1

s.t.p. = Standard Temperature and Pressure

Where,
T = 273.15 K
P = 1 atm

11/05/08 MATTER 17
1 mole of gas has a volume of 22.4 dm3 at s.t.p
At s.t.p,
volume of gas (dm3) = number of mole X 22.4
dm3 mol-1

1 mole of gas has a volume of 24.0 dm3 at room

temperature
At room temperature,
volume of gas (dm3) = number of mole X 24.0
dm3 mol-1

11/05/08 MATTER 18
 Example 1
A balloon is filled with hydrogen gas at s.t.p.
If the volume of the ballon is 2.24 dm 3 , calculate
the amount (mole) of hydrogen gas.

Solution 1,
22.4 dm 3 consists 1 mol of hydrogen gas
1
3
2.24 dm consists x 2.24 mol of hydrogen gas
22.4
so,
Number of mole = 0.1 mol
11/05/08 MATTER 19
 Cont… from example 1
Solution 2,
volume of gas (dm 3 )
Number of mole = 3 −1
22.4 dm mol
2.24dm 3
= 3 −1
22.4 dm mol
= 0.1 mol

11/05/08 MATTER 20
 Exercise
A sample of CO2 has a volume of 56 cm3 at STP.
Calculate:

c. The number of moles of gas molecules

0.0025 mol

f. The number of molecular

1.506 x 1021 molecules

i. The number of oxygen atoms in the sample

3.011x1021atoms
Note:
1 dm3 = 1000 cm3
11/05/08 MATTER 21
1 dm =
3
1L
 Empirical And Molecular Formulae

- Empirical formula is a chemical formula

that shows the simplest ratio of all
elements in a molecule.
- Molecular formula is a formula that show
the actual number of atoms of each
element in a molecule.

11/05/08 MATTER 22
- The relationship between empirical formula and
molecular formula is :

Molecular formula = n ( empirical formula )

Where ;

relative molecular mass

n=
emprical formula mass

11/05/08 MATTER 23
 Example
A sample of hydrocarbon contains 85.7%
carbon and 14.3% hydrogen by mass. Its
molar mass is 56. Determine the empirical
formula and molecular formula of the
compound.

11/05/08 MATTER 24
Solution :
C H
mass 85.7 14.3
Number of mol 85.7 14.3
12 1
7.1417 14.3
Simplest ratio 1 2

Empirical formula = CH2

11/05/08 MATTER 25
 relative molecular mass
n=
emprical formula mass
56
n = 56
14
14 =4

= 4

molecular formula = C4H8

11/05/08 MATTER 26
 1.2.2 Concentration of Solution
Solution
 When an amount of solute dissolved completely in a solvent and
it will form a homogeneous mixture.

11/05/08 MATTER 27
 Exercise

A combustion of 0.202 g of an organic sample

that contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
produce 0.361g carbon dioxide and 0.147 g
water. If the relative molecular mass of the
sample is 148, what is the molecular formula.

Ans : C6H12O4

11/05/08 MATTER 28
 Units of concentration of a solution:

A. Molarity
B. Molality
C. Mole Fraction
D. Percentage by Mass
E. Percentage byVolume

11/05/08 MATTER 29
 A. Molarity (M)
 The number of moles of solute per cubic decimetre
(dm3) or litre (L) of solution.

moles of solute (mol)

molarity, M = 3
volume of solution (dm )
Unit : mol dm -3 or mol L-1 or molar

Note:
1 dm3 = 1000 cm3
1L = 1000 mL
11/05/08 MATTER 30
 Example

Calculate the molarity of a solution of 1.71 g sucrose (C12 H 22 O 11 )

dissolved in a 0.5 L of water.
[Ar H = 1, C = 12, O = 16 ]
Solution,
Molar mass of sucrose = (12x2) + 22 + (11x16)
= 342 g mol −1

11/05/08 MATTER 31
 Cont…
mass
Number of mole of sucrose =
molar mass
1.71 g
=
342 g mol −1
= 0.005 mol

mole of sucrose
molarity of solution sucrose =
volume of solution
0.005 mol
=
0.5 L
= 0.01 mol L-1

11/05/08 MATTER 32
 Exercises
How many grams of potassium dichromate, K2Cr2O7 required
to prepare a solution of 250 mL with 2.16 M?
[Ar K = 39.1, Cr = 52, O = 16 ]
Ans : 158.87

A ,matriculat
ion studentprepareda solutionby dissolving
0.586g of sodiumcarbonate,Na2CO 3 in 250 cm3 of water.
Calculate itsmolarity?
[Ar Na = 23, C = 12, O = 16 ]
Ans: 0.0221moldm-3

11/05/08 MATTER 33
 B. Molality (m)
 Molality is the number of moles of solute dissolved
in 1 kg of solvent

moles of solute (mol)

molality, m =
mass of solvent (kg)
-1
unit : mol kg or molal or m

 Note:
 Mass of solution = mass of solute +
mass of solvent
 Volume
11/05/08
of solution ≠MATTER volume of solvent 34
 Example 1
Calculate the molality of sulphuric acid
solution containing 24.4 g of sulphuric acid
in 198 g of water?
[molar mass H 2 SO 4 = 98.08 g mol ]
-1

11/05/08 MATTER 35
 Solution :
mass
n H SO =
2 4
molar mass
24.4 g
=
98.08 g mol −1
= 0.2488 mol

moles of solute (mol)

Molality of H 2 SO 4 =
mass of solvent (kg)
0.2488 mol
=
0.198 kg
= 1.26 m
11/05/08 MATTER 36
 Example 2
What is the molal concentration of a solution
prepared by dissolving 0.30 mol of CuCl 2 in
40.0 mol of water?
[molar mass H 2 O = 18.02 g mol ]
-1

11/05/08 MATTER 37
 Solution :
mass
nH O =
2
molar mass

mass of H 2 O = 40.0 mol x 18.02 gmol −1

= 720.8 g or 7208 kg

moles of solute (mol)

Molality of H 2 O =
mass of solvent (kg)
0.3 mol
=
0.7208 kg
= 0.416 m
11/05/08 MATTER 38
 Exercises
What is the molality of a solution containing 7.78 g
of urea [(NH 2 ) 2 CO] in 203 g water?
Ans : 0.639 m

11/05/08 MATTER 39
A solution containing 121.8 g of Zn(NO 3 ) 2 per litre
has a density of 1.107 g mL . Calculate its molal
- -1

concentration.
Ans : 0.653 m

11/05/08 MATTER 40
 C. Mole Fraction (X)
 Mole fraction is the ratio of the number of moles
of one component to the total number of moles
of all component present.
moles of A
mole fraction of component A, X A =
total number of moles
of all component
nA
XA =
ntotal

11/05/08 MATTER 41
 It is always smaller than 1

 The total mol fraction in a mixture

(solution) is equal to one.
XA + XB + XC = 1

11/05/08 MATTER 42
 Example 1
What is the mole fraction of CuCl 2 in a solution
prepared by dissolving 0.30 mol of CuCl 2 in
40.0 mol of water?
[molar mass H 2 O = 18.02 g mol ]
-1

11/05/08 MATTER 43
 Solution :
nCuCl
X CuCl = 2

2
n total

0.3
=
0.3 + 40

= 0.007
11/05/08 MATTER 44
 nH O
XHO = 2

2
n total

40
=
0.3 + 40

= 0.993
11/05/08 MATTER 45
 XCuCl2 + XH2O = 1
XH2O = 1− 0.007
= 0.093

11/05/08 MATTER 46
 Example 2

A solution is prepared by mixing 55 g of toluene,

C 7 H 8 and 55 g of bromobenzene C 6 H 5 Br.
What is the mole fraction of each component?
[Ar C = 12.01, H = 1.01, Br = 79.9]

11/05/08 MATTER 47
 Step1: Step2 :
55 55
nC7H8 = nC6H5Br =
+ 8(1.01)
7(12.01) + 5(1.01)
6(12.01) + 79.90

55 55
= =
92.15 157.55

= 0.5969mol = 0.3491mol

Step3 : Step4 :

0.5969 0.3491
XC7H8 = XC 6H5Br =
0.5969+ 0.3491 0.5969+ 0.3491

= 0.63 = 0.37

11/05/08 MATTER 48
 D. Percentage by Mass (%w/w)
 Percentage by mass is defined as the percentage of the
mass of solute per mass of solution.

mass of solute
%w = x100
w mass of solution

= mass of solute+ mass of solvent

note: mass of solution

11/05/08 MATTER 49
 Example 1
A sample of 0.892 g of potassium chloride, KCl is
dissolved in 54.3 g of water. What is percentage by
mass in the solution?
Solution
:
mass of solute
%w = x100
w mass of solution
0.892
= x100
0.892+ 54.3
= 1.61%

11/05/08 MATTER 50
 Example 2
Calculate the amount of water (in grams) that must
be added to 5.00 g of urea in the preparation of a 16.2
percent by mass solution.

11/05/08 MATTER 51
Solution
:
mass of solute
%w = x100
w mass of solution
5
16.2= x100
mass of solution
5
=
mass of solution x100
16.2
= 30.86g

= mass of solute+ mass of solvent

mass of solution
30.86 = 5.00+ mass of solvent
∴ mass of solvent= 30.86
- 5.00
= 25.86g

11/05/08 MATTER 52
 Exercises
1. How many grams of NaOH and water are needed
to prepare 250.0 g of 1.00% NaOH solution?
Ans : 2.50 g ; 247.5 g

2. Hydrochloric acid can be purchased as a solution of 37%

HCl. What is the mass of this solution contains 7.5 g of HCl?
Ans : 20.27 g

11/05/08 MATTER 53
 E. Percentage By Volume (%V / V)
 Percentage by volume is defined as the percentage of
volume of solute in milliliter per volume of solution in
milliliter.

volume of solute (mL)

%V = x 100
V volume of solution (mL)

note :
mass of solution
Density of solution =
volume of solution

11/05/08 MATTER 54
 Example
A 200mL of perfume contains 28 mL of alcohol.
What is the % by volume of alcohol in this solution?

Solution :
volume of alcohol (mL)
%V = x 100
V volume of solution (mL)
28
= x 100
200
= 14 %

11/05/08 MATTER 55
 1.2.3 Balancing Chemical Equation
A chemical equation shows a chemical
reaction using symbols for the reactants
and products.
 The formulae of the reactants are written
on the left side of the equation while the
products are on the right.

11/05/08 MATTER 56
 Example:

xA + yB zC + wD

Reactants Products

11/05/08 MATTER 57
  The total number of atoms of each
element is the same on both sides in a
balanced equation.

 The number x, y, z and w, showing the

relative number of molecules reacting,
are called the stoichiometric coefficients.

 The methods to balance an equation:

Inspection Method

11/05/08 MATTER 58
 Inspection Method
 Write down the unbalanced equation. Write the
correct formulae for the reactants and products.

 Balance the metallic element, followed by non-

metallic atoms.

 Balance the hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

 Check to ensure that the total number of atoms of

each element is the same on both sides of equation.

11/05/08 MATTER 59
 Example
Balance the chemical equation by applying the
inspection method.

NH3 + CuO → Cu + N2 + H2O

11/05/08 MATTER 60
 Exercise
1. Balance the chemical equation below by applying
inspection method.

a. Fe(OH)3 + H2SO4 → Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O

b. C6H6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
c. N2H4 + H2O2 → HNO3 + H2O
d. ClO2 + H2O → HClO3 + HCl

11/05/08 MATTER 61
 1.2.4 Redox Reaction
 Redox reaction is a reaction that involves
both reduction and oxidation.

11/05/08 MATTER 62
 Oxidation
The substance loses one or more
elactrons.
Increase in oxidation number
Act as an reducing agent (reductant)

11/05/08 MATTER 63
 Reduction
The substance gains one or more
elactrons.
decrease in oxidation number
Act as an oxidising agent (oxidant)

11/05/08 MATTER 64
 Oxidation numbers of any atoms can be
determined by applying the following rules:

 In a free element , as an atom or a molecule the

oxidation number is zero.
Example:
Na = 0 Cl2 = 0
Br2 = 0 O2 = 0
Mg = 0

11/05/08 MATTER 65
 For monoatomic ion, the oxidation
number is equal to the charge on the
ion.
Example:
Na+ = +1 Mg2+ = +2
Al3+ = +3 S2- = -2

11/05/08 MATTER 66
 Fluorine and other halogens always have
oxidation number of -1 in its compound.
Only have a positive number when
combine with oxygen.
Example:
Oxidation number of F in NaF = -1
Oxidation number of Cl in HCl = -1
Oxidation number of Cl in Cl2O7 = +7

11/05/08 MATTER 67
 Hydrogen has an oxidation number of +1 in its
compound except in metal hydrides which hydrogen
has an oxidation number of -1
Example:
Oxidation number of H in HCl = +1
Oxidation number of H in NaH = -1
Oxidation number of H in MgH2 = -1

11/05/08 MATTER 68
 Oxygen has an oxidation number of -2 in
most of its compound.
Example:
Oxidation number of O in MgO = -2
Oxidation number of O in H2O = -2

11/05/08 MATTER 69
However there are two exceptional cases:
- in peroxides, its oxidation number is -1
Example:
Oxidation number of O in H2O2 = -1

- When combine with fluorine, posses a

positive oxidation number
Example:
Oxidation number of O in OF2 = +2

11/05/08 MATTER 70
 In neutral molecule, the sum of the
oxidation number of all atoms that
made up the molecule is equal to zero.
Example:
Oxidation number of H2O = 0
Oxidation number of HCl = 0
Oxidation number of KMnO4 = 0

11/05/08 MATTER 71
 For polyatomic ions, the total oxidation
number of all atoms that made up the
polyatomic ion must be equal to the nett
charge of the ion.
Example:
Oxidation number of KMnO4- = -1
Oxidation number of Cr2O72- = -2
Oxidation number of NO3- = -1

11/05/08 MATTER 72
Example :
Assign the oxidation number of Cr in Cr2O72-.
Solution :
Cr2O7 = -2
2 Cr + 7 (-2) = -2
2 Cr = + 12
Cr = + 6

11/05/08 MATTER 73
 Exercise
 Assign the oxidation number of Mn in the following
chemical compounds.
i. MnO2 ii. MnO4-

 Assign the oxidation number of Cl in the following

chemical compounds.
i. KClO3 ii. Cl2O72-

7. Assign the oxidation number of following:

i. Cr in K2Cr2O7
ii. U in UO22+
iii.C in C2O42-
11/05/08 MATTER 74
 1.2.4.1 Balancing Redox Reaction
 Redox reaction may occur in acidic and basic
solutions.

 Follow the steps systematically so that

equations become easier to balance.

11/05/08 MATTER 75
Balancing Redox Reaction In Acidic
Solution
Fe2+ + MnO4- → Fe3+ + Mn2+

3. Divide the equation into two half reactions, one

involving oxidation and the other reduction
i. Fe2+ → Fe3+
ii.MnO4- → Mn2+

11/05/08 MATTER 76
1. Balance each half-reaction
a. first, balance the element other
than oxygen and hydrogen
i. Fe2+ → Fe3+
ii. MnO4- → Mn2+

11/05/08 MATTER 77
 b. second, balance the oxygen atom by adding H2O
and hydrogen by adding H+
i. Fe2+ → Fe3+
ii. MnO4- + 8H+ → Mn2+ + 4H2O

c. then, balance the charge by adding electrons to the

side with the greater overall positive charge.
i. Fe2+ → Fe3+ + 1e
ii. MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e → Mn2+ + 4H2O

11/05/08 MATTER 78
3. Multiply each half-reaction by an interger, so that number of
electron lost in one half-reaction equals the number gained in the
other.
i. 5 x (Fe2+ → Fe3+ + 1e)
5Fe2+ → 5Fe3+ + 5e
ii. MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e → Mn2+ + 4H2O

4. Add the two half-reactions and simplify where possible by

canceling species appearing on both sides of the equation.
i. 5Fe2+ → 5Fe3+ + 5e
ii. MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e → Mn2+ + 4H2O
____________________________________________
5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ → 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O

11/05/08 MATTER 79
 Check the equation to make sure that there
are the same number of atoms of each kind
and the same total charge on both sides.

5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ → 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O

Total charge reactant Total charge product

= 5(+2) + (-1) + 8(+1) = 5(+3) + (+2) + 4(0)
= + 10 - 1 + 8 = + 15 + (+2)
= +17 = +17

11/05/08 MATTER 80
 Example: In Acidic Solution
C2O42- + MnO4- + H+ → CO2 + Mn2+ + H2O

Solution:
 i. Oxidation : C2O42- → CO2
ii. Reduction : MnO4- → Mn2+

2. i. C2O42- → 2CO2
ii. MnO4- + 8H+ → Mn2+ + 4H2O

3. i. C2O42- → 2CO2 + 2e
ii. MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e→ Mn2+ + 4H2O

11/05/08 MATTER 81
4. i. 5 x (C2O42- → 2CO2 + 2e)
→ 5C2O42- → 10CO2 + 10e
ii. 2 x (MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e→ Mn2+ + 4H2O)
→ 2MnO4- + 16H+ + 10e→ 2Mn2+ + 8H2O

5. i. 5C2O42- → 10CO2 + 10e

ii. 2MnO4- + 16H+ + 10e→ 2Mn2+ + 8H2O
_________________________________________________
5C2O42- + 2MnO4- + 16H+ → 10CO2 + 2Mn2+ + 8H2O

11/05/08 MATTER 82
Balancing Redox Reaction In Basic
Solution
 Firstly balance the equation as in acidic solution .

 Then, add OH- to both sides of the equation so that it

can be combined with H+ to form H2O.

 The number of hydroxide ions (OH-) added is equal to

the number of hydrogen ions (H+) in the equation.

11/05/08 MATTER 83
 Example: In Basic Solution
Cr(OH)3 + IO3- + OH- → CrO32- + I- + H2O
Solution:
 i. Oxidation : Cr(OH)3 → CrO32-
ii. Reduction : IO3- → I-

2. i. Cr(OH)3 → CrO32- + 3H+

ii. IO3- + 6H+ → I- + 3H2O

3. i. Cr(OH)3 → CrO32- + 3H+ + 1e

ii. IO3- + 6H+ + 6e → I- + 3H2O
11/05/08 MATTER 84
 i. 6 x (Cr(OH)3 → CrO32- + 3H+ + 1e)
→ 6Cr(OH)3 → 6CrO32- + 18H+ + 6e
ii. IO3- + 6H+ + 6e → I- + 3H2O

5. i. 6Cr(OH)3 → 6CrO32- + 18H+ + 6e

ii. IO3- + 6H+ + 6e → I- + 3H2O
________________________________________________
6Cr(OH)3 + IO3- → 6CrO32- + I- + 12H+ + 3H2O

6. 6Cr(OH)3 + IO3- + 12OH- → 6CrO32- + I- + 12H+ + 3H2O + 12OH-

7. 6Cr(OH)3 + IO3- + 12OH- → 6CrO32- + I- + 15H2O

11/05/08 MATTER 85
 Exercise
Balance the following redox equations:
a. In Acidic Solution
i. Cu + NO3 + H+→ Cu2+ + NO2 + H2O
ii. MnO4- + H2SO3 → Mn2+ + SO42- + H2O + H+
iii. Zn + SO42- + H+ → Zn2+ + SO2 + H2O

b. In Basic Solution
i. ClO- + S2O32- → Cl- + SO42-
ii. Cl2 → ClO3- + Cl-
iii. NO2 → NO3 + NO

11/05/08 MATTER 86
 1.2.5 Stoichiometry
 Stoichiometry is the quantitative study of
reactants and products in a chemical
reaction.

11/05/08 MATTER 87
 Example:
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)

1 mole of CaCO3 reacts with 2 moles of HCl to yield 1

mole of CaCl2, 1 mole of CO2 and 1 mole of H2O.

 Stoichiometry can be used for calculating the

species we are interested in during a reaction.

11/05/08 MATTER 88
 Example 1
How many moles of hydrochloric acid, HCl do we need to react
with 0.5 moles of zinc?

Solution : Zn (s) + 2HCl (l) → ZnCl 2 (s) + H 2 (g)

From the equation,

1 mole of Zn reacts with 2 mol of HCl
0.5 x 2
∴ 0.5 mole of Zn react with mol of HCl
1
1 mol HCl

11/05/08 MATTER 89
 Example 2
How many moles of H2O will be formed when 0.25 moles of
C2H5OH burns in oxygen?
Solution
:
C 2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O

Fromtheequation,
1mol of C 2H5OH gives 3 molesof H2O
∴ 0.25mol of C 2H5OH gives X molesof H2O

0.25x 3
X=
1
= 0.75 mol H2O
11/05/08 MATTER 90
 Exercise 1
A 16.50 mL 0.1327 M KMnO4 solution is needed
to oxidise 20.00mL of a FeSO4 solution in an
acidic medium. What is the concentration of the
FeSO4 solution? The net ionic equation is:

5Fe 2+ + MnO4- +8H+ Mn 2+ +5Fe 3+ +4H2O

Answer : 0.5474 M

11/05/08 MATTER 91
 Exercise 2
How many mililitres of 0.112 M HCl will react
exactly with the sodium carbonate in 21.2 mL of
0.150 M Na2CO3 according to the following
equation?

2HCl(aq)+Na2CO3(aq) 2NaCl(aq)+CO2(g)+H2O(l)

Answer : 56.8 mL

11/05/08 MATTER 92
 1.2.5.1 Limiting Reactant
A limiting reactant is the reactant that is
completely consumed in a reaction and limits
the amount of products formed.

 An excess reactant is the reactant that is not

completely consumed in a reaction and
remains at the end of the reaction.

11/05/08 MATTER 93
 Example 1
S + 3F2 → SF6
If 4 mol of S reacts with 10 mol of F2 , which of the two
reactants is the limiting reagent?
Solution :
From the equation,
1 mol of S reacts with 3 moles of F2
∴ 4 mol of S reacts with X moles of F2

4x3
X=
1
= 12 mol F2
Compare the n F needed (12 mol) with the n F (10 mol) available
2 2

in the question. F2 is in limit, ∴ F2 is the limiting reactant.

11/05/08 MATTER 94
 Example 2
C is prepared by reacting A and B :
A + 5B → C
In one process, 2 mol of A react with 9 mol of B.
d. Which is the limiting reactant?
e. Calculate the number of mole(s) of C?
f. How much of the excess reactant (in mol) is left at the end of
the reaction?

11/05/08 MATTER 95
Solution A :
Fromtheequation,
1 mol of A reacts with5 molesof B
∴ 2 mol of A reacts withX molesof B

2 x5
X=
1
= 10 mol H2O
Compare thenB needed (10mol) with the nB (9mol) available
B is in limit,∴ Bis thelimitingreactant.
in the question.

11/05/08 MATTER 96
Solution B :
The amountof product formedreliesof themolesof B,
thelimitingreactant.
Fromtheequation,
5 mol of B produce with1 molesof C
∴ 9 mol of B produce withX molesof C

9 x1
X=
5
= 1.8 mol C

11/05/08 MATTER 97
Solution C :
A is theexcess reactant.
Fromtheequation,
5 mol of B produce with1 molesof A
∴ 9 mol of B produce withX molesof C

9 x1
X=
5
= 1.8 mol A

The amountexcess reactant= 2- 1.8= 0.2 mol A

11/05/08 MATTER 98
 Percentage yield
 The percentage yield is the ratio of the
actual yield (obtained from experiment) to
the theoretical yield (obtained from
stoichiometry calculation) multiply by
100%

11/05/08 MATTER 99
Percentage yield = actual yield x 100%
theoretical yield

11/05/08 MATTER 100

 Exercise
In a certain experiment, 14.6g of SbF3 was allowed to react
with CCl4 in excess. After the reaction was finished, 8.62g of
CCl2F2 was obtained.
3 CCl4 + 2 SbF3 3 CCl2F2 + 2 SbCl3

[ Ar Sb = 122, F = 19, C= 12, Cl = 35.5 ]

• What was the theoretical yield of CCl2F2 in grams ?

b) What was the percentage yield of CCl2F2 ?

11/05/08
Ans : a) 11.6 g b) 74.31 %
MATTER 101