DC Machines

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 DC Machines
Syllabus

1. Introduction

2. Principle of operation of DC generators

3. Principle of operation of DC motors

4. Emf equation

5. Construction of DC machines

6. Classification of DC machines

7. Classification and applications of DC generators

8. Classification and applications of DC motors

Course Objective for this chapter: To provide knowledge on fundamentals of DC

machines.

Course Outcome for this chapter: To illustrate working principle of DC machines

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 MU Previous Questions
Dec-16 2 Marks What is use of commutator in DC Machine
Dec-16 6 Marks Derive emf equation of DC generator
Jun-17 4 Marks Explain principle of operation of DC
generator

Jun-17 4 Marks How are DC machines Classified

Dec-17 8 Marks With neat diagram explain main parts of DC
machine. Mention functions of each part

Jun-18 4 Marks What are classification of DC motor. Write

application of each

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 Types of DC Machines

DC Generator

Mechanical Electrical
Energy
Generator Energy

DC Motor

Electrical Mechanical
Energy
Motor Energy

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 Principle of Operation of DC Generator
Motion System Emf
(input) (Conductor in magnetic field) (output)

• When a conductor is rotated (moved) in a magnetic field in such a

way that it cuts the magnetic lines of flux, then emf (voltage) is
induced in the conductor according to Faraday’s Law of
Electromagnetic Induction.
• The direction of induced emf is given by Fleming’s Right Hand Rule

• This emf causes current to flow if the conductor circuit is closed.

• This emf is alternating in nature.

• This alternating emf is converted to unidirectional emf by

commutator and supplied to electrical load. 7
Fleming’s Right Hand Rule

When you
move the
conductor,
the direction of
induced emf and
current is given by
Fleming’s Right
Hand Rule

It can be said this

rule can be used
for generating
action. 8
 Principle of Operation of DC Motor
Current System Motion
(input) (Conductor in magnetic field) (output)

• When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field

then the conductor experiences a force, according to Lorentz
Law
• The direction of force experienced is given by Fleming’s Left
Hand Rule
• In a DC motor, the commutator helps to produce a
unidirectional torque.

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 Fleming’s Left Hand Rule
When you
pass current
through the
conductor,
the direction of
force experienced
by conductor is
given by Fleming’s
Left Hand Rule

It can be said this

rule can be used
for motoring 10
Principle of DC generator

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Split Ring

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Principle of DC Motor

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 Construction of DC Machine
(Motor or Generator)
Theoretically same dc machine can be used as motor or generator

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Construction of DC Machine
(Motor or Generator)

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 Construction of DC Machine
(Motor or Generator)
Theoretically same dc machine can be used as motor or generator

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 Construction of DC Machine (contd….)

Field System Commutator

Armature and Brush
Field Windings System Assembly
Pole Core
Pole Shoe Armature Commutator
Yoke Windings
Brushes
Armature Core

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 Construction of DC Machine (contd….)
A. Field System
1. Field Windings: Provides the magnetic field (flux)
Made of copper wire

2. Pole Core: Field windings are mounted on pole core.

Made of thin steel laminations to reduce loss

3. Pole Shoe : Provides uniform distribution of magnetic flux

Made of thin steel laminations to reduce loss

4. Yoke: Provides path for magnetic flux

Made of thin steel laminations to reduce loss

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 Construction of DC Machine (contd….)
B. Armature System
The armature system is mounted on the shaft which rotates
1. Armature Windings:
-- Provides emf when used as generator.
-- Rotates the shaft and provides torque when used as motor.
-- Made of copper wire.

2. Armature Core:
-- Armature core is mounted on shaft.
-- Armature conductors (windings) are mounted in slots of
armature core.
-- Cylindrical , made of thin steel laminations to reduce loss

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 Construction of DC Machine (contd….)
C. Commutator and Brush Assembly
1. Commutator:
-- Mounted on rotating shaft. It rotates with the shaft.
-- Armature conductors are connected to commutator segments.
-- For DC generator For current collection from armature
conductors and provides
unidirectional emf.
-- For DC Motor For current distribution to armature conductors
and provides unidirectional torque
-- Commutator is made up of insulated copper segments.

2. Brushes:
-- Brushes are stationary and press on commutator.
-- Provide contact with rotating commutator and external stationary –
circuit.
-- Brushes carry current towards or away from the commutator.
-- Made of carbon 21
Stator of DC motor

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Stator of DC motor

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 Derivation of EMF equation for DC Machines
(both DC Motor and DC Generator)
Let,

φ= flux per pole in weber

Z = Total number of conductor

P = Number of poles

A = Number of parallel paths

n = Armature speed in rotation per second

(r p s)

N = Armature speed in rotation per minute

(r p m)

E = emf (Generated emf in case of dc 25

Flux cut by 1 conductor in 1 revolution = φP
Flux cut by 1 conductor in 1 sec = φPn
where , n=
Flux cut by 1 conductor in 1sec =
Avgemf generated in 1 conductor =
Number of conductors in each parallel path = Z /A
EMF , E =
Where E = Eg (Eg= Generated emf in case of DC generator)
E = Eb ( Eb= Back emf in case of DC motor)

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Classification of DC Machines

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Classification of DC Generator

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 Application of DC Generator
Separately Excited DC Generator
1. Accurate supplies for testing labs
2. Ward Leonard Speed Control System

Shunt DC Generator
1.Power Supply 2. Lighting 3.Battery Charging

Series DC Generator
1. Arc welding supplies 2. Line voltage Booster for DC system

Compound DC Generator
1. Lighting 2. Arc Welding 3.Heavy service like railways
4. Line voltage Booster for DC system
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Classification of DC Motor

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 Application of DC Motors
Separately Excited DC Motor
1. Blowers 2. Electric traction

Shunt DC Motor
1.Driving Lathes 2. Fans 3. Pumps 4. Blowers.
5. Driving disc and band saw

Series DC Motor
1. Electric traction 2. High speed tools 3. Cranes, hoist , lifts
4. Conveyer drives

Compound DC Motor
1. Cranes, hoist , lifts 2. Rolling Mills 3. Pumps 4. Conveyer
5. Press
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