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    Lung Cancer

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    Lung Cancer

    Uploaded by

    kaleem84228740
    13 views22 pages
    Lung cancer

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    Lung cancer

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    13 views22 pages

    Lung Cancer

    Uploaded by

    kaleem84228740
    Lung cancer

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 22

    PULMONARY NURSING

    LUNG CANCER(BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA)


    Prepared By
    Nauman Peter RN,BSN Nursing Instructor S-N-C
    Objectives
    By the end of this class, students will be able to:
     Define lung cancer and explain its pathophysiology
     Discuss the staging of lung cancer
     Identify the risk factors
     Discuss the sign and symptoms of lung cancer
     Discuss the medical and nursing management for lung cancer
    Lung Cancer
    Cancer is a disease in which cells in the body grow out of
    control. When cancer starts in the lungs, it is called lung cancer.
    Lung cancer begins in the lungs and may spread to lymph
    nodes or other organs in the body, such as the brain. Cancer
    from other organs also may spread to the lungs.
    When cancer cells spread from one organ to another, they are
    called metastases
    Pathophysiology
    The most common cause of the lung caner is inhaled
    carcinogens, other carcinogens include radon gas and
    occupational and environmental agents.
    Lungs cancers arise from a single transformed epithelial cell in
    the tracheobronchial air ways, in which the carcinogen binds to
    and damages the cell’s DNA.
    As the damaged DNA is passed on the daughter cell, the DNA
    undergoes further changes and becomes unstable with the
    accumulation of genetic changes.
    Classification and Staging
    There are two major types of lung cancer:
     1. Non-small cell lung cancer (87%)
     2. Small cell lung cancer (13%)
    Non-small cell lung cancer:
    Squamous cell carcinoma :
    Squamous cell cancer is usually more centrally located and
    arise more commonly in the segmental and subsegmental
    bronchi.
    Adenocarcinoma:
    Adenocarcinoma is the most prevalent carcinoma of the lungs
    its occurs peripherally as peripheral masses or nodules and
    often metastasize
    Conti…..

    Small cell lung cancer


    Most small cell cancers arise in the major bronchi and
    spread by infiltration along the bronchial wall.
    Staging Of Lung Cancer
    Contd….

    Small cell lung cancer:


    Limited stage: The cancer is found in one
    lung, sometimes including nearby lymph
    nodes.
    Extensive stage: Cancer has spread to the
    other lung, the fluid around the lung (the
    pleura) or to other organs in the body.
    Risk Factors
    Clinical Manifestations
    The signs and symptoms depends on the location and size of
    tumor ,and degree of obstruction.
    Symptoms of lung cancer may include:
     Persistent cough(the cough start as dry , persistent cough ,
    without sputum production.)
     Sputum streaked with blood(when obstruction of airways
    occurs , cough may become productive due to infection)
     Chest or shoulder pain(chest wall or pleural involvement by a
    tumor.
     Voice change
    Conti….

     Recurrent pneumonia or bronchitis


     Fever
     Dyspnea (tumor occlusion of the airway or lung
    parenchyma , pleural effusion , pneumonia)
     Weakness
     Anorexia
     Weight loss
    Diagnostic Studies
     History and physical examination
     Chest X-ray(pulmonary density , solitary pulmonary nodule ,
    infection , pleural effusion)
     Sputum for cytology study
     Fiberoptic bronchoscopy(detail study of the tracheobronchial
    tree)
     CT-Scan(extent of masses in the chest)
     PET(Positron emission tomography scan) allows
    measurement of differential metabolic activity in normal and
    diseased tissues
    Conti….

     Lung scan
     Fine- needle aspiration (Biopsy)
    Medical Management
    The objective of management is to cure it then given
    collaborative therapy.
    Collaborative therapy
     Surgery (lobectomy , pneumonectomy)
     Radiation therapy
     Chemotherapy
     Palliative care
    Nursing Management
    Contd…

     Address the physiological and psychological needs of the


    patients
     Implement strategies to relief pain and discomfort and to
    prevent complications.
     Realistic attitude about prognosis
    Reference
    Brunner,L.S.,Suddarth,D.S.,Smeltzer,S.C.,Bare,B.G.,Hinkle,J.L.&C
    heever,K.H.(2010). Brunner & Suddarth textbook of medical-
    surgical nursing (12th ed.).Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

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