2nd Quarter - Week 1

Earthqua
kes and
Faults
Most Essential Learning
Competency
❖ Using models or
illustrations,
explain how
movements
along faults
generate
earthquakes.
(S8ES-IIa-14)
At the end of the lesson the students
are expected to;
1.Describe the appearance of
a fault and define what an
earthquake is.

2. Explain how faults

 Philippine is
located along
the Pacific
Ring of Fire.
 Philippine is
located along
the Pacific
Ring of Fire.
A fault is a break
in the Earth's
crust, and along
the break, "NO"
movement
has taken
place.
A fault is a break
in the Earth's
crust, and along
the break, "NO"
movement
has taken
place.
Earthquakes
are not
associated
with faults.
Earthquakes
are not
associated
with faults.
 Energy from
inside the
Earth
exerts a force
on the rocks.
 Energy from
inside the
Earth
exerts a force
on the rocks.
 Energy from
the Earth's
interior
makes the
ground move.
 Energy from
the Earth's
interior
makes the
ground move.
Earthqu
ake
Is the shaking and trembling
caused by the sudden release of
energy from the inside of the
earth.
TERMS TO
REMEMBER
SEISMOLOGY
- The study of an
earthquake
SEISMOLOGIST
- The scientist who
study earthquakes
SEISMOLOGIST
- The scientist who
study earthquakes
 PHIVOLCS
(Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
- TheSeismology)
agency that
monitors the
earthquakes and fault
movements in the
Philippines
Why do we need to learn about
Earthquakes?
 What is a FAULT?

● A fault is a
fracture or zone of
fracture between
two blocks of rock.
How do faults produce
quakes?
● Energy from Earth’s interior
makes the ground move.
Friction hold the rocks
together. Once the friction is
overcome, the ground will
move and the earthquake
will occur. Earthquakes are
caused when faults slip
How do faults produce
quakes?
● Friction between the two
sides of a fault keeps it
from moving until the
stress on the fault
overcomes the friction,
then the fault slips and
creates an earthquake.
TYPES OF
FAULTS
1.Normal Fault
2.Reverse Fault
3.Strike-Slip Fault
a.Left lateral strike-slip
fault
b.Right lateral strike-slip
 Normal
Fault
➔A dip - slip fault in which the block
above the fault has moved downward
relative to the block below.
➔This type of faulting occurs in
response to extension. "Occurs when
the hanging wall moves down relative
 Reverse
Fault
➔A dip-slip fault in
which the upper
block, above the
fault plane, moves
up and over the
lower block.
 Reverse
Fault
➔This type of faulting is common in
areas of compression, When the dip
angle is shallow, a reverse fault is
often described as a thrust fault.
➔“Occurs where the “hanging wall”
moves up or is thrust over the “foot
Strike-Slip
Fault
➔A fault on which the two blocks slide
past one another.

➔involves movement chiefly in the

horizontal direction
(sideways/laterally)
2 Types of Strike-Slip Fault
Movement
1.Left lateral strike-slip
fault
2.Right lateral strike-slip
fault
Left Lateral Strike-Slip
Fault
➔If you were to stand on
the fault and look along
its length, this is a type
of strike-slip fault where
the left block moves
toward you and the right
block moves away.
Right Lateral Strike-
Slip Fault
➔If you were to stand on
the fault and look along
its length, this is a type
of strike-slip fault where
the right block moves
toward you and the left
block moves away.
Types of Stresses in the
Earth's Crust
1. Compression Stress
2. Tension Stress
3. Shear Stress
4. Confining Stress
 Compression Stress
❖ Compression is a type of stress that
causes the rocks to push or squeeze
against one another.
❖ It targets the center of the rock and
can cause either horizontal or
❖ vertical orientation.
 Tension Stress
❖ Tension is the opposite of
compression.
❖ While compression forces the rocks
and crust to collide and move
together, tension stress forces the
rocks to pull apart.
 Tension Stress
Tension can happen in two ways.
a.Two separate plates can move
farther away from each other
b.The ends of one plate can move
in different directions.
 Tension Stress
❖ Some scientists think tension
stress caused the ancient, massive
continent Pangaea to break off into
the seven continents we have
today.
 Shear Stress
❖ When shear stress occurs, the
force of the stress pushes some of
the crust in different directions.
 Shear Stress
❖ When this happens, a large part of
the crust can break off, which
makes the plate size smaller.
 Shear Stress
❖ Shear stress usually happens
when two plates rub against each
other as they move in opposite
directions.
❖ The friction of a shear stress at
the edges of the plate can cause
 Confining Stress
❖ When stress is applied to all sides of
the crust, confining stress occurs.
When this happens, the crust
compacts, which makes it look
smaller.
 Confining Stress
❖ If the stress is too much for the
crust to handle, the crust can
fracture from the inside. This
causes the crust weight to
decrease but the crust
shape remains the same.
 Confining Stress
❖ Because this type of stress can
hollow out the insides of the crust,
confining stress can cause
sinkholes in the Earth.
 Read each item
carefully.
Choose the letter of
the correct answer.
Write your answer on
a 1/4 sheet of paper.
1.Which agency of the government
in the Philippines is monitoring
the movement of the earth crust?
a.PHIVOLCS
b.PAGASA
c. DOST
d.DENR
2. What will be produced if there is
a sudden movement of the earth's
crust due to the release of stress
accumulated along geologic faults
or by volcanic activity?
a.Typhoon
b.Tsunami
c.flood
d.earthquake
3. What do you call a fracture or crack
between two rocks?
a.Stress
b.earthquake
c.fault
d.crust
4. Which of the following faults
occurs where the “hanging wall”
moves up or is thrust over the
“footwall”?
a.Normal Fault
b.Reverse Fault
c.Strike-Slip Fault
d.Stress Fault
5. Which fault is characterized on
which the two blocks slide past one
another?
a.Normal Fault
b.Reverse Fault
c.Strike-Slip Fault
d.Active Fault
6. What type of stress causes the
formation of mountains?
a.Shear Stress
b.Confining Stress
c.Tension Stress
d.Compression Stress
7. Pangea break off into seven
continents, what could be the
probable cause of this event?
a.Shear Stress
b.Confining Stress
c.Tension Stress
d.Compression Stress
8. Friction between the two sides of a
fault keeps it from moving until the
stress on the fault overcomes the
friction, then the fault slips and
creates an earthquake.
a.True
b.False
c.Maybe both
d.It depends on the situation.
9. There are two types of Strike-Slip
Fault Movement
a.True
b.False
c.Maybe both
d.It depends on the situation.
10. A reverse fault is often described
as a thrust fault.
a.True
b.False
c.Maybe both
d.It depends on the situation.
Answer the puzzle. Use the table
below as your guide. Write your
answers in sheet of paper.
 Across Down
1. sudden slip on a fault 3. fault in which the upper block,
2. happens when two plates rub above the fault plane, moves up
against each other as they move and over the lower block
in opposite directions 4. forces the rocks to pull apart
5. block above the fault has 7. zone of fractures between two
moved downward relative to the blocks of rock
block below 10. When stress is applied to all
6. causes the rocks to push or sides of the crust
squeeze against one another
8. fault on which the two blocks
slide past one another
9. force between the two sides of
a fault that keeps it from moving
 Across Down
1. EATHQUAKE 3. REVERSE
2. SHEAR 4. TENSION
5. NORMAL 7. FAULT
6. COMPRESSION 10. CONFINING
8. STRIKE SLIP
9. FRICTION
1.Which agency of the government
in the Philippines is monitoring
the movement of the earth crust?
a.PHIVOLCS
b.PAGASA
c. DOST
d.DENR
2. What will be produced if there is
a sudden movement of the earth's
crust due to the release of stress
accumulated along geologic faults
or by volcanic activity?
a.Typhoon
b.Tsunami
c.flood
d.earthquake
3. What do you call a fracture or crack
between two rocks?
a.Stress
b.earthquake
c.fault
d.crust
4. Which of the following faults
occurs where the “hanging wall”
moves up or is thrust over the
“footwall”?
a.Normal Fault
b.Reverse Fault
c.Strike-Slip Fault
d.Stress Fault
5. Which fault is characterized on
which the two blocks slide past one
another?
a.Normal Fault
b.Reverse Fault
c.Strike-Slip Fault
d.Active Fault
6. What type of stress causes the
formation of mountains?
a.Shear Stress
b.Confining Stress
c.Tension Stress
d.Compression Stress
7. Pangea break off into seven
continents, what could be the
probable cause of this event?
a.Shear Stress
b.Confining Stress
c.Tension Stress
d.Compression Stress
8. Friction between the two sides of a
fault keeps it from moving until the
stress on the fault overcomes the
friction, then the fault slips and
creates an earthquake.
a.True
b.False
c.Maybe both
d.It depends on the situation.
9. There are two types of Strike-Slip
Fault Movement
a.True
b.False
c.Maybe both
d.It depends on the situation.
10. A reverse fault is often described
as a thrust fault.
a.True
b.False
c.Maybe both
d.It depends on the situation.
 Across Down
1. EATHQUAKE 3. REVERSE
2. SHEAR 4. TENSION
5. NORMAL 7. FAULT
6. COMPRESSION 10. CONFINING
8. STRIKE SLIP
9. FRICTION