Problem Solving

and Program
Design

Module 2
Session 1: Incident Management in Problem
Computation
Learning Objectives
After this session, you will be able to:
• List the tools and processes for incident management in
problem computation.
1.1 Tools & Processes for Incident Management in
Problem Resolution
Incident Management in Problem Resolution

• Incident management in problem resolution is the structured process of

identifying, addressing, and learning from unexpected issues or incidents within
a system or process.

• The focus is on promptly responding to problems, implementing resolutions,

and analysing the root causes to prevent similar issues in the future. The goal is
to efficiently navigate and resolve problems, ensuring minimal disruption and
continual improvement in the overall system's reliability.
1.1 Tools & Processes for Incident Management in
Problem Resolution
Tools of Incident Management in Problem Resolutions
• In incident management for problem resolution, various tools play a crucial role
in identifying, addressing, and learning from issues that arise in computing
environments. Here are some essential tools used in incident management for
problem resolution:
1.1 Tools & Processes for Incident Management in
Problem Resolution
Tools of Incident Management in Problem Resolutions

Integrated
Development
Environment Purpose: Provides a platform for coding,
(IDE) testing, and debugging.

Examples: Visual Studio Code, PyCharm, and

Jupyter Notebooks.
1.1 Tools & Processes for Incident Management in
Problem Resolution
Tools of Incident Management in Problem Resolutions

Version
Control Purpose: Tracks changes, facilitates
Systems collaboration, and allows for version
rollback.

Example: Git (GitHub).

1.1 Tools & Processes for Incident Management in
Problem Resolution
Tools of Incident Management in Problem Resolutions

Error Tracking
Tools Purpose: Captures and reports errors in
real-time, aiding quick identification.

Example: Sentry, Rollbar.

1.1 Tools & Processes for Incident Management in
Problem Resolution
Tools of Incident Management in Problem Resolutions

Collaboration Purpose: Facilitates real-time

Platforms communication and collaboration during
incident response.

Example: Slack, Microsoft Teams.

1.1 Tools & Processes for Incident Management in
Problem Resolution
Tools of Incident Management in Problem Resolutions

Monitoring
Tools Purpose: Monitors system performance and
alerts on potential issues.

Example: Prometheus, Grafana.

1.1 Tools & Processes for Incident Management in
Problem Resolution
Tools of Incident Management in Problem Resolutions

Logging
Frameworks Purpose: Collects and analyses log data to
identify patterns and potential issues.

Example: ELK Stack (Elasticsearch, Logstash,

Kibana), Splunk.
1.1 Tools & Processes for Incident Management in
Problem Resolution
Tools of Incident Management in Problem Resolutions

Project
Management Purpose: Helps manage and prioritise tasks,
Tools including incident resolution.

Example: Jira, Trello.

1.1 Tools & Processes for Incident Management in
Problem Resolution
Tools of Incident Management in Problem Resolutions

Documentation
Platforms Purpose: Stores incident documentation,
procedures, and post-mortem analyses.

Example: Confluence, Google Docs.

1.1 Tools & Processes for Incident Management in
Problem Resolution
Tools of Incident Management in Problem Resolutions

Documentation
Platforms Purpose: Stores incident documentation,
procedures, and post-mortem analyses.

Example: Confluence, Google Docs.

1.1 Tools & Processes for Incident Management in
Problem Resolution
Tools of Incident Management in Problem Resolutions

Remote
Desktop Tools Purpose: Allows remote access for
troubleshooting and resolution.

Examples: TeamViewer, AnyDesk.

1.1 Tools & Processes for Incident Management in
Problem Resolution
Processes
• In incident management processes collectively
contribute to an effective incident management
framework for problem computation, ensuring a
systematic and organised approach to identifying,
resolving, and learning from incidents.

• Some of the processes are:

1.1 Tools & Processes for Incident Management in
Problem Resolution
Processes
Incident Identification
• Process: Monitor logs, user feedback, and system
performance for unexpected issues.

Incident Logging
• Process: Record incident details centrally,
including timestamps and the nature of the issue.
1.1 Tools & Processes for Incident Management in
Problem Resolution
Processes
Incident Prioritisation
• Process: Categorise incidents based on severity
and prioritise based on impact.

Incident Response
• Process: Follow predefined procedures for swift
and effective response.
1.1 Tools & Processes for Incident Management in
Problem Resolution
Processes
Root Cause Analysis
• Process: Investigate and identify the underlying
causes of incidents to prevent recurrence.

Resolution and Recovery

• Process: Apply fixes and restore normal
operation, considering version control if
applicable.
1.1 Tools & Processes for Incident Management in
Problem Resolution
Processes
Communication
• Process: Maintain transparent communication
with stakeholders throughout the incident
lifecycle.

Post-Incident Analysis (Postmortem)

• Process: Conduct a thorough analysis, document
findings, and identify areas for improvement.
1.1 Tools & Processes for Incident Management in
Problem Resolution
Processes
Continuous Improvement
• Process: Regularly review and enhance incident
management processes based on insights gained.
•
Training and Drills
• Process: Conduct regular training sessions and
simulation drills to practice and improve response
capabilities.
Session 2: Data Representation and Analysis

Learning Objectives
After this session, you will be able to:
• Explain the significance of data representation methods such
as Crosstabs, Frequency Distributions, and Charts in analysing
complex data sets.
2.1 Data Representation Methods
An Introduction to Data Representation Methods

• Data representation refers to the methods used to

express, encode, and represent information in a form
suitable for storage, processing, and communication
within computer systems.

• It involves translating data from its original format into a

structured format that can be easily manipulated by
digital systems, including computers.
2.1 Data Representation Methods
An Introduction to Data Representation Methods

The following are common ways to show data:

Binary Representation

• Putting data into the binary number system, which only

has two digits for information: 0 and 1. This is a basic
part of data storage and computing.
2.1 Data Representation Methods
An Introduction to Data Representation Methods

Numeric Representation

• Giving numbers using different number systems, like

decimal (base-10), hexadecimal (base-16), or octal
(base-8), based on the situation and what needs to be
done.
2.1 Data Representation Methods
An Introduction to Data Representation Methods

Text Representation

• Character encoding methods like ASCII (American

Standard Code for Information Interchange) or Unicode
are used to store characters, symbols, and text. A
unique number code is given to each letter.
2.1 Data Representation Methods
An Introduction to Data Representation Methods

Image Representation

• Pixel values are used to describe visual information in

forms like bitmap and vector graphics. Numbers are
used to show the colour and strength of each pixel.
2.1 Data Representation Methods
An Introduction to Data Representation Methods

Audio Representation

• Using techniques like pulse-code modulation (PCM),

which turns changes in sound waves into numbers, to
record and store sound.
2.1 Data Representation Methods
An Introduction to Data Representation Methods

Video Representation

• Video compression methods are used to store and send

moving pictures. A video's frames are shown as a
collection of pictures that are linked together with data.
2.1 Data Representation Methods
Complex Data Sets

• A complex data set is a group of data that has complicated structures,

relationships, and traits that make it hard to understand and analyse using
standard methods.

• Complex data sets usually have a lot of different types of data, a lot of different
amounts of data, and complicated patterns that need advanced analytical
methods to make sense of.
2.1 Data Representation Methods
Complex Data Sets

• Several types of analysis are used on large sets of complicated data to find
patterns and insights that make sense.

• Crosstabs (cross-tabulations), frequency distributions, and charts are three very

important tools for this job. We'll look at how each is used in data analysis:
2.1 Data Representation Methods
Crosstabs (Cross-Tabulations)

Definition: Crosstabs are a type of conditional table

that shows how two or more categorical factors are
distributed together. Each cell in the table shows
where two or more groups meet, and the numbers
inside the cells show how often or how many times
something happens.
2.1 Data Representation Methods
Crosstabs (Cross-Tabulations)

Application: Crosstabs are useful for looking into how

categorical factors are related to each other. They help
you find trends, dependencies, and links in large sets
of data.
2.1 Data Representation Methods
Frequency Distributions

Definition: A frequency distribution summarises the

number of occurrences of each unique value within a
variable. It provides a comprehensive overview of the
distribution of values, helping to identify patterns,
central tendencies, and outliers.
2.1 Data Representation Methods
Frequency Distributions

Application: Frequency distributions are useful for

understanding the spread and concentration of values
within a variable. They are particularly effective for
both numerical and categorical data.
2.1 Data Representation Methods
Charts (Graphs)

Definition: Charts, including various types such as bar

charts, pie charts, histograms, and scatter plots,
visually represent data patterns and distributions.
They provide an intuitive and accessible way to
interpret complex information.
2.1 Data Representation Methods
Charts (Graphs)

Application: Charts are powerful tools for visualising

trends, comparisons, and distributions. They enhance
communication and aid in conveying insights to
stakeholders.
2.1 Data Representation Methods
How it Works Together

• Crosstabs can be employed to examine relationships between categorical

variables, providing a detailed breakdown.

• Frequency distributions can then offer a broader view of the distribution of

values within individual variables.

• Charts serve as visual representations, making it easier to grasp complex

patterns and trends derived from crosstabs and frequency distributions.
2.1 Data Representation Methods
How it Works Together

• In summary, crosstabs, frequency distributions, and charts work synergistically

to analyse complex data sets, providing a comprehensive and intuitive
approach to uncovering patterns, relationships, and trends.

• They facilitate effective communication of insights derived from intricate

datasets to diverse audiences.