ML: Machine Learning Unit no : 1

Introduction to
Introduction to Machine
Learning
Machine Learning (3170724)

Prof. Hetvy Jadeja

 Outline :
Introduction
Evaluation of Machine Learning
Unit no : 1
What is Human Learning? Introduction to
Types of Human Learning Machine
Learning
What is Machine Learning? (3170724)
Types of Machine Learning
When not to use ML?
Application of ML
Prof. Hetvy Jadeja
Tools for Machine Learning
Introduction • ML is an interdisciplinary field:
Data Analyst: visualize, analyze data,
optimization
Data Engineers: build and test
scalable/stable/optimal ecosystems for data
scientists to run their algorithms
Database Administrator: responsible
for the proper functioning of all the
databases
Data Scientist: perform predictive
analysis and offer actionable insights
Statistician: extract and offer valuable
insights from the data using statistical
theory and tools
Evaluation of Machine Learning
Evaluation of Machine Learning
What is Human Learning?

• In cognitive science, learning is typically referred to as

the process of gaining information through observation.
• A task can be as simple as walking down the street or
doing the homework; or as complex as deciding the
angle in which a rocket should be launched so that it
can have a particular trajectory.
• Why do we need to learn?
• With more knowledge, the ability to do homework with less number of mistakes
increases
• Thus, With more learning, tasks can be performed more efficiently.
Types of Human Learning

1. Learning under expert guidance

 Somebody who is an expert in the subject directly teaches us.
 The process of gaining information from a person having sufficient
knowledge due to past experience. (e.g. learning of child)

2. Learning guided by knowledge gained from experts

 we build our own notion indirectly based on what we have learnt from the
expert in the past
 learning also happens with the knowledge which has been imparted by
teacher or mentor at some point of time in some other form
 E.g. a kid can select one odd word from a set of words because it is a verb
and other words being all nouns, due to English learned in school
Types of Human Learning

3. Learning by self
 we do it ourselves, may be after multiple attempts, some being
unsuccessful
 Learning from our mistakes in past
 E.g. Child learning to walk through obstacles
What is Machine Learning?

• “Machine learning is the field of study that gives computers the

ability to learn without being explicitly programmed”
- Arthur Samuel, AI pioneer, 1959
• “A computer program is said to learn from experience E with
respect to some class of tasks T and performance measure P, if
its performance at tasks in T, as measured by P, improves with
experience E” -
Tom Mitchell, ML Professor at CMU
• Algorithms that
• improve their performance (P)
• at some task (T)
• with experience (E)
Traditional v/s Machine Learning
How do machine learn?

• Data Input: Past data or information is utilized as a

basis for future decision-making
• Abstraction: The input data is represented in a
broader way through the underlying algorithm
• Generalization: The abstracted representation is
generalized to form a framework for making
decisions
Well- posed learning problem

• For defining a new problem, which can be solved using ML, a

simple framework can be used. The framework involves answering
three questions:

1. What is the problem?

 Describe the problem informally and formally and list assumptions and similar problems.

2. Why does the problem need to be solved?

 List the motivation for solving the problem, the benefits that the solution will provide and how the
solution will be used.

3. How would I solve the problem?

 Describe how the problem would be solved manually to flush domain knowledge.
Types of Machine Learning
Types of Machine Learning

1. Supervised learning
 Also called predictive learning
 Predict the class of unknown objects based on prior class-related
information of similar objects.

2. Unsupervised learning
 Also called descriptive learning
 Find patterns in unknown objects by grouping similar objects together.

3. Reinforcement learning
 Learn to act on its own to achieve the given goals.
Supervised Learning

 Supervised learning is the types of machine learning in which

machines are trained using well "labelled" training data, and on basis
of that data, machines predict the output. The labelled data means
some input data is already tagged with the correct output.
Supervised Learning
Types of Supervised Learning

Classification Regression
Unsupervised Learning

 Unsupervised learning is a machine learning technique in which

models are not supervised using training dataset. Instead, models
itself find the hidden patterns and insights from the given data. It can
be compared to learning which takes place in the human brain while
learning new things.
Types of Unsupervised Learning

Association
Clustering Analysis
Reinforce-ment Learning

 Reinforcement Learning is a feedback-based

Machine learning technique in which an agent
learns to behave in an environment by performing
the actions and seeing the results of actions. For
each good action, the agent gets positive feedback,
and for each bad action, the agent gets negative
feedback or penalty.
Comparison – Supervised,
Unsupervised and Reinforcement
Learning
Comparison – Supervised,
Unsupervised and Reinforcement
Learning
Comparison – Supervised,
Unsupervised and Reinforcement
Learning
When not to use ML?

• Machine learning should not be applied to tasks in which

humans are very effective or frequent human intervention is
needed.
• For example, air traffic control is a very complex task
needing intense human involvement.
• Also, for very simple tasks which can be implemented using
traditional programming paradigms, there is no sense of
using machine learning.
• For example, simple rule-driven or formula-based
applications like price calculator engine, dispute tracking
application, etc. do not need machine learning techniques.
Application of ML
Tools for Machine Learning
Thanks
Unit no : 1
Introduction to
Machine
Learning
(3170724)

Prof. Hetvy Jadeja