09/29/2024

LECTURE:04 (A)
ULTRASTRUCTURES
OF CELL

CELL BIOLOGY-I
MIC-2122
BS II SECTION A
MS. KASHMAL A ZAINAB 1
 09/29/2024

Lecture Outline
•Overview of Ultrastructure of Cells.
•Difference between Scanning Electron
Microscope and Transmission Electron
Microscope .
•Overview of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
•Differentiate between Plant Cell and Animal
Cell.
•Functions of Cell Organelles: Cell wall, Cell
membrane, Nucleus , Endoplasmic reticulum,
Golgi bodies, Lysosome, Vacuoles, Lysosome,
Ribosome, Mitochondria And Plastids. 2
 09/29/2024

Lecture Objectives:
Upon completion of this topic, students will be able to:
•Describe Ultra Structure of Cell?
•Differentiate between Scanning Electron Microscope and
•Transmission Electron Microscope .
•Enlist the cell organelles.
•Describe which organelle is the control center of the cell?
•Describe Which organelle holds the cell together?
•Describe Which organelles are not found in animal cells?
•Describe Which organelle helps plant cells make food?
•Differentiate between Smooth and Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum.

3
 09/29/2024

Ultra Structures Of Cell

•Cells are the building blocks of all
living organisms. The ultrastructure
of a cell is its fine structure as
revealed at high magnification.
•Animal, fungal and plant cells all
contain structures specialized for
particular functions called
organelles .
•Ultrastructure is the architecture of
cells and biomaterials that is visible
at higher magnifications than found
on a standard optical light
microscope.
4
 09/29/2024

Ultra Structures Of
Cell
Anton Leeuwenhoek invented
the
microscope in the late 1600’s, which
first showed that all living things are
composed of cells. Also, he was the
first to see microorganisms.

Light microscopes have a

resolution: magnification of more
limited
than about 2000-fold does not
improve what you can see.

Electron microscopes use

instead
electrons of light. The short
wavelength of electrons allows
magnifications much better than
visible light. 5
Electron Microscope 09/29/2024

6
 09/29/2024

Three Kinds of Microscope

7
09/29/2024

8
 09/29/2024

TEM
•TEM is a standard histology
technique for viewing
ultrastructure.
•Such cellular structures as
organelles, which allow the
cell to function properly
within its specified
environment, can be
examined at the
ultrastructural level.
9
 09/29/2024

TEM
•Traditionally meant
the resolution and
magnification range
of a conventional
transmission electron
microscope (TEM)
when viewing
biological specimens
such as cells, tissue,
or organs.
10
 Differences: 09/29/2024

Scanning Electron Microscope

Vs Transmission Electron
Microscope

11
 09/29/2024

Differences:
Scanning Electron Microscope Vs
Transmission Electron Microscope

12
 09/29/2024

Basic Cell
Organization

All cells contain:

1. Cell membrane that keeps the
inside and outside separate.

2. DNA-containing region that holds

the instructions to run the
processes of life.

3.Cytoplasm: a semi-fluid regio

n
containing the rest of cell’s
the
machinery
. 13
Cells
09/29/2024

14
 Cells

• Bacterial Cells (Prokaryotic

cells)
 Simple cells with no internal membrane- structure
bound s
 The first cell to have
evolved
 Relatively small and less complex than the
Euk..
 DNA is in a special region of the
cytoplasm
• Eukaryotic
Cells
 On average 100X larger than a
bacterial cell
 Contains organelles: internally more
complex
 complex cells with internal
membranes
 DNA is in a nucleus separated from the cytoplasm by a
membrane
 Prokaryotic
Cells
• No internal membranes or organelles.
• DNA loose in the cytoplasm.
• Has a cell membrane, surrounded by a
rigid cell wall that gives it shape.
• Sometimes also a polysaccharide
capsule surrounding the cell wall.

• Flagella used for propulsion. Differen

structure than eukaryotic t
flagella.
• Not much internal structure,
prokaryotes
but have a very wide variety of
internal metabolic systems, and they
inhabit a much wider range of habitats
than eukaryotes.
 Eukaryotic
Cells
• Eukaryotic cells contain internal
membranes and organelles. An
organelle is an internal membrane
bound structure that serves some
specialized function within the cell.
• Organelles we will discuss:
– Cell membrane
– Nucleus
– Cytomembrane system,
including endoplasmic
reticulum, Golgi apparatus,
vesicles, lysosomes, and
peroxisomes
– Mitochondria
– Cytoskeleton
– Special plant organelles:
chloroplast, central vacuole, cell
 09/29/2024

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

18
 09/29/2024

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

19
Cell (Human cell) = smallest living unit of the body

Minimal common components

•Cell (plasma) membrane, The boundary that separates ionic
constituents (environment)
• Membrane proteins
• Cytoplasm, Proteins, other molecules, ions, water
• Cytoskeleton
Various size, shape,
components, organization,
function, life span
Some cells are partially to
completely missing organelles
(such as red blood cells)
PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL
 ANIMALCEL
PLANTCEL
•Shape Round(iregularshape)
Rectangular(fixedshape)
•Cilia Present
It is very rare
•Nucleus Present
Present
•Mit ochondr ia Present Present
•Vacuole One or more small vacuoles(much One, large central vacuole 90% of
smaller than plant cells).
cell volume.
•Centrioles Present in all animal cells
Only present in lower plant forms.
•Plastids No
Yes
•GolgiAparatus Present
Present
•Celwal None
Yes
•PlasmaMembrane onlycelmembrane
Cell wall and a cell membrane
•Microtubules/Microfilaments Present
Present
•Lysosomes Lysosomes occur in cytoplasm.
Lysosomes usually not evident.
•Ribosomes Present
Present
•EndoplasmicReticulum
Present Present
( S m o t h andRough)
•Cytoplasm Present Present
Plant cells have chloroplasts
•Chlor oplast Animal cells don't have chloroplasts because they make their own food
22
Image of a typical animal (eukaryotic) cell, showing subcellular components
Organelles:
(1)nucleolus
(2)nucleus
(3)ribosome
(4)vesicle
(5)rough endoplasmic reticulum
(6)Golgi apparatus
(7)Cytoskeleton
(8)smooth endoplasmic reticulum
(9)mitochondria
(10)vacuole
(11)cytoplasm
(12)lysosome
(13)centrioles within centrosome
 Cell Organelles
• Organelle=
“little
organ”
• Found only
inside
eukaryotic
cells
• All the stuff in
between the
organelles is
cytosol
• Everything in a
• Cell wall
•
•
Cell membrane
Nucleus
ORGANELLES OF THE
•
-Chromosomes
Cytomembrane CELL
system
• Endoplasmic
reticulum
• Golgi bodies
• Lysosome
• Vacuoles
• Centioles
• Lysosome
• Ribosome
• Mitochondria
• Plastids
a. Chloroplast
b. Amyloplast
• Chromoplast
• Vacuole
 Cell wall
• Each plant cell is surrounded
by
a rigid cell wall made of
cellulose and
polysaccharides.
The cell wall is outside of
the cell
membrane.
In woody plants, the cell
• walls can become very thick
Plant
and cells
rigid. contain a
vacuole,
central which stores
water.
Osmotic pressure from
the
central vacuole squeezes
the
rest of the cytoplasm
 Cell Wall
• Made of
carbohydrat
es
(cellulose)
• Protection
and
structure
• All cells,
except animal
cells, have
cell walls
Cell Membrane
• Boundary of the cell
• Made of a phospholipid bilayer
 Cell Membrane
• Composed of phospholipids, with a polar
(and therefore hydrophilic) head group,
and 2 non- polar (hydrophobic) tails. A
bilayer with the polar heads on the
outsides and hydrophobic tails inside
satisfies all of the molecule. The
membrane is a “phospholipid bilayer”.
•
The membrane also contains cholesterol
and various proteins. The proteins act as
sensors, attachment points, cell
recognition, or they transport small
molecules through the membrane.

•Membrane proteins and membrane lipids often have sugars attached to their
outside edges: glycoproteins and glycolipids. For example, the differences
between the ABO blood groups are due to differences in sugars attached to
the outer membranes of red blood cells.
CELL MEMBRANE
 Cell Membrane
• The molecules in the membrane can move
about like ships floating on the sea: the
membrane is a two- dimensional fluid
• In some cells, the membrane proteins are held
in fixed positions by a network of proteins just
under the membrane, a cytoskeleton.
• Only water, a few gasses, and a few other
small non- polar molecules can move freely
through a pure phospholipid membrane.
Everything else must be transported into the
cell by protein channels in the membrane.
 Nucleus
• The nucleus issues instructions to build
and maintain the cell, respond to
changes in the environment, and to
divide into 2 cells.
• The cell’s instructions are coded in the
DNA, which is the main part of
chromosomes.
• A chromosome is composed of a single
DNA molecule plus the proteins that
support it and control it.
• Most eukaryotes have a small number
of chromosomes: humans have 46
chromosomes, corn plants have 20.
The number is fixed within a species:
all humans have 46 chromosomes
except for some genetic oddities.
 09/29/2024

Nucleus
 Each instruction in the DNA is called
a gene.

 The genes issue their instructions, get

expressed, as RNA copies. AN RNA
copy of a gene is called messenger
RNA (mRNA).
 The mRNA instructions move out of
the membrane into the cytoplasm,
where they are translated into
proteins.

 The translation of RNA messages into

proteins is accomplished by
ribosomes, which are structures made
of both RNA and protein.

33
 Nucleus
• Ribosomes are made in a special
part of the nucleus, called the
nucleolus.
• However, the translation of
messenger RNA into proteins by
the
ribosomes occurs in the
cytoplasm
out of theoutside the into
nucleus nucleus.
the
Both the toribosomes
cytoplasm function. and the
messages move
• The nucleus is surrounded
by a double membrane called
the nuclear envelope. It is
studded with pores (made of
protein) that let the ribosomes
and the RNA messages out into
the cytoplasm.
 09/29/2024

REFERENCES:
Tortora, G. J., Funke, B. R., Case, C. L., & Johnson, T. R. (2004).
Microbiology: an introduction (Vol. 9). San Francisco, CA: Benjamin
Cummings.

Alberts B, Bray D, Hopkin K, Johnson AD, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K,

Walter P. Essential cell biology. Garland Science; 2013 Oct 15.

De Robertis ED, Nowinski WW, Saez FA. Cell biology. Philadelphia:
Saunders; 1975.

O’Connor CM, Adams JU, Fairman J. Essentials of cell biology.

Cambridge, MA: NPG Education. 2010;1:54.

35