CSE 319- Introduction to Analogue and Digital Communication Systems

Dr. Amir A. Khan PhD. Electrical Engineering Office : A-218, SEECS 9085-2162; [email protected]

Line Coding/Signalling
Lecture 12/12 CSE-319: Introduction to Analogue and Digital Communication Systems Dr. Amir / SEECS-NUST

What/Why of Line codes

Source PCM/DM Data set, e.t.c. Multiplexing TDM Line Coder Physical pulses/waveforms

Line coding originates from telephony with the need to transmit digital information across a copper telephone line Abstract binary signals (assumed statistically independent) are generated by the source The conversion (coding) into real temporal waveforms to be transmitted in baseband is the process of line-coding

Lecture 12/12

CSE-319: Introduction to Analogue and Digital Communication Systems

Dr. Amir / SEECS-NUST

Motivation for Different Line Codes

Channel x-tics
BW requirements, etc Telephone line, LAN, etc have different requirements (data rate, accuracy, etc)

Diverse Applications

Performance Requirements
How much error can be tolerated? Synchronisation issues, etc

Lecture 12/12

CSE-319: Introduction to Analogue and Digital Communication Systems

Dr. Amir / SEECS-NUST

Dominant Selection Criteria for Line Codes

Timing :
Series of 1s and 0s should not result in loss of timing/jitter at Rx

Dc-content :
Tx-lines/ repeaters used in digital telephony are Ac-coupled Desired very small Dc-content in the line code used Significant Dc-levels can introduce DC-Wander Dc-Wander : received signal baseline varies with time

Power Spectrum:
PSD as narrow as possible to have small transmission bandwidth, BT requirements

Performance Monitoring
Error detection/Correction capability

Lecture 12/12

CSE-319: Introduction to Analogue and Digital Communication Systems

Dr. Amir / SEECS-NUST

Dominant Selection Criteria for Line Codes

Probability of Error : (Bit Error Rate)
Pe is defined as the probability of detecting a 1 when a 0 was sent and 0 when 1 was sent Pe should be as small as possible

Self synchronisation/Clocking :
Enough info in the code itself to recover clock/sync information

Transparency:
All possible patterns of 1s and 0s are allowed If certain pattern is undesired, should map to unique alternate pattern

Low complexity of encoder/decoder

Lecture 12/12

CSE-319: Introduction to Analogue and Digital Communication Systems

Dr. Amir / SEECS-NUST

Classification of Line Codes

Level Based Classification
Level Codes
Carry info in the voltage level, either high or low for a full bit period or part of bit period Instantaneous : typically encode a bit into distinct waveform independent of past binary data

Transition Codes
Carry info in the change in level appearing in line-code waveform May be instantaneous but generally have memory using past bit to dictate current waveform

Polarity Based Classification

Unipolar signalling
Uses only one polarity (+/- in addition to 0 level)

Polar signalling
Uses both +/- voltages with/without 0-level

Bi-polar signalling
+/- and 0 voltage levels (sometimes in same class as polar)
Lecture 12/12 CSE-319: Introduction to Analogue and Digital Communication Systems Dr. Amir / SEECS-NUST

Common Line Codes

Unipolar Coding

Polar Coding

Bipolar/AMI/Pseudoternary (BRZ)

Manchester /Split Phase Coding

BNZS Coding (Binary N-zero substitution)

HDBN Coding (High Density Bipolar N)

Lecture 12/12

CSE-319: Introduction to Analogue and Digital Communication Systems

Dr. Amir / SEECS-NUST

Unipolar NRZ (Non-return to zero)

Waveform:
1 with non-zero voltage (e.g; +V volts) 0 zero voltage

Instantaneous level code

Advantages
Ease of generation requires only one power supply Relatively low bandwidth R (Hz) where R is data rate (bits/sec) T symbol/bit interval

Disadvantages
Non-zero dc-component causes problems for Ac-coupling Problems with static data no transition in transmitted wave timing (synchronisation) problem No error detection capability Bit error rate (BER) performance not comparable to polar codes

Lecture 12/12

CSE-319: Introduction to Analogue and Digital Communication Systems

Dr. Amir / SEECS-NUST

Unipolar RZ (Return to zero)

Waveform:
1 with non-zero voltage (e.g; +V volts) during portion of bit duration (half of bit duration) and zero for remaining half 0 zero voltage during entire duration

Instantaneous level code

Advantages
Ease of generation requires only one power supply Self-clocking : presence of discrete spectral component at symbol rate

Disadvantages
Non-zero dc-component causes problems for Ac-coupling Problems with static data no transition in transmitted wave No error detection capability Bit error rate (BER) performance not comparable to polar codes High bandwidth requirements 2R (Hz)

Lecture 12/12

CSE-319: Introduction to Analogue and Digital Communication Systems

Dr. Amir / SEECS-NUST

Polar Coding (NRZ)

Waveform:
1 with +V volts over full bit duration 0 with -V volts over full bit duration Instantaneous level code

Note : alternatively 1 and 0 s can be represented with -/+ V respectively

Advantages
Low bandwidth requirement R (Hz)

Disadvantages
No error detection capability

Good BER performance

Instantaneous code prone to loss of synchronisation for long strings of 1s & 0s

Greatly reduced Dc-coupling because of Needs 2 power supplies zero dc component (prob. p = 0.5)

Lecture 12/12

CSE-319: Introduction to Analogue and Digital Communication Systems

Dr. Amir / SEECS-NUST

Bipolar / Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) /Pseudoternary

Waveform:
1 alternatively +V and V voltages 0 with 0 voltage level Three voltage levels are pseudoternary Code with memory

Since marks (1s) represented with alternating +/- voltages so the name AMI

Advantages
No dc-component and zero dc-content Low bandwidth requirement R(Hz) Timing recovery is easy, discrete component at bit rate R(Hz) by FWR Single error detection capability

Disadvantages
Worse BER performance as compared to unipolar and polar waveforms

Prone to loss of synchronisation for long strings of 0s

Greatly reduced Dc-coupling because of Needs 2 power supplies zero dc component (prob. p = 0.5)

Lecture 12/12

CSE-319: Introduction to Analogue and Digital Communication Systems

Dr. Amir / SEECS-NUST

Manchester (Split-Phase) Coding

Waveform:
1 with +V during first half of bit duration and V during the second half 0 with -V during first half of bit duration and +V during the second half Transition code : +/- mid-bit transition indicates bit 0 or bit 1, respectively Also called split phase/bi-phase because a square wave of 0 phase is used for 1 and a square wave with 180 phase-shift to represent 0

Advantages

Disadvantages

Zero dc-content on individual basis so no High bandwidth (2R) pattern of bits can cause 0 buildup Mid-bit transition allows for easier timing extraction Good BER performance Needs 2 power supplies No error detection capability

Lecture 12/12

CSE-319: Introduction to Analogue and Digital Communication Systems

Dr. Amir / SEECS-NUST

High Density Bipolar N (HDBN)

Variant of AMI code to cater for long string of 0s CCITT standard code : level code with memory strings of N+1 constant 0s replaced by special code of length N+1 containing AMI violations HDB-3 : ITU-T recommendations for European PCM String of 4 zeros replaced by 000V or B00V, where, B confirms to AMI rule; V violation of AMI rule
Number of B pulses since last violation odd odd even even Polarity of last B pulse Negative (-) Positive (+) Negative (-) Positive (+) Substitution code 000000+ +00+ -00Substitution code waveform 000V 000V B00V B00V

Lecture 12/12

CSE-319: Introduction to Analogue and Digital Communication Systems

Dr. Amir / SEECS-NUST

High Density Bipolar N (HDBN)

Example of HDB3 Coding vs AMI Coding See notes below Given the bit pattern : 11000011000000 AMI + - 0 0 0 0 + - 0 0 0 0 0 0 + = +V volts ; - = -V volts HDB3 Assume no violation has occurred
first violation will come now

* Assume at least one violation has occurred already

V* + - B 0 0 V - + B 0 0 V 0 0, which is: V* + - + 0 0 + - + - 0 0 - 0 0
Number of B pulses since last violation odd odd even even
Lecture 12/12

+ - 0 0 0 V - + B 0 0 V 0 0 which is +-000- +-+ 00+00

Substitution code waveform 000V 000V B00V B00V
Dr. Amir / SEECS-NUST

Polarity of last B pulse Negative (-) Positive (+) Negative (-) Positive (+)

Substitution code 000000+ +00+ -00-

CSE-319: Introduction to Analogue and Digital Communication Systems

PSDs of Line Codes

Bandwidth R 2R
Lecture 12/12

Line coding schemes Unipolar NRZ, Polar NRZ, AMI, HDBN Unipolar RZ, Manchester
CSE-319: Introduction to Analogue and Digital Communication Systems Dr. Amir / SEECS-NUST

Line Codes Summary

T = bit (symbol) interval in sec. = 1/R where R is bit rate (bits/sec)

Lecture 12/12 CSE-319: Introduction to Analogue and Digital Communication Systems Dr. Amir / SEECS-NUST