Lecture 1 - Introduction To Plain Concrete

1
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-I

CE-308
Lecture – 1
Introduction to Plain Concrete
Instructor:
Lecturer Atif Mehmood Khan
BE Civil Engineering - NUST
MS Structural Engineering – NUST
amehmood.nice.nust.edu.pk
0332-2777543
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Concrete
3
Concrete
Concrete is a composite material composed of
fine and coarse aggregate bonded together
with a fluid cement (cement paste) that
hardens over time.
Components of concrete :
□Aggregates
□Portland Cement
□Admixtures
□Water
4
Concrete
Properties of concrete
 Concrete has relatively high compressive strength, but

significantly lower tensile strength.
 The elasticity of concrete is relatively constant at low stress

levels but starts decreasing at higher stress levels as matrix
cracking develops.
 All concrete structures will crack to some extent, due to

shrinkage and tension.
 Concrete can be damaged by fire, aggregate expansion, sea

water effects, bacterial corrosion, leaching, physical damage
and chemical damage (from carbonation, chlorides, sulfates)
5
Concrete
Concrete made with siliceous rounded
gravel
Concrete made with crushed limestone

6
Macro & Microstructure of Concrete:

 Macrostructure is the gross structure of a material that
is visible to the unaided human eye.
 Microstructure is the subtle structure of a material
that is resolved with the help of a microscope
7
Concrete Material (SEM Images)

Mesoscale Microscale Nanoscale
8
SEM of Hydration Products

Hydration Products
➢Calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H)

➢Calcium hydroxide (CH)
➢Ettringite-Calcium sulfo-aluminates
hydrates
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Size Ranges
Dimensional range of solids and pores in a hydrated cement paste
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Voids in Concrete
Concrete Voids
 The nature of concrete is highly
complex
 Concrete has voids that exist over a

very wide range of sizes
 Each size and type of void can have

different effects on the concrete
11
Voids in Concrete
• Entrapped Voids
 also called “rock pockets” or
“honeycomb” or “voids of incomplete
consolidation”
 Affect durability and strength
significantly
 should not be tolerated in concrete
structures
12
Voids in Concrete
• Entrained Air
 Entrained intentionally for freeze-thaw durability
 Significant reduction in concrete strength (but this is

adjusted for in mix design by reducing w/cm)
 Bubbles not interconnected
 Therefore, they do not result in more permeable

concrete.
 Studies actually show that air entrained concrete is

slightly less permeable
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Interfacial Transition Zone

• Transition Zone
 Weak porous zone around aggregate particles (high w/c ratio)
 Large, oriented Ca(OH)2 crystals
 Reduced by SCM’s
 Together with micro cracks can form connection
 Pathway for water and other aggressive chemicals to flow

into concrete
 Influence durability and strength

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Coarse Aggregate
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Concrete Strength vs W/C Ratio

Concrete Strength
■ concrete
is a brittle material
■much stronger in compression than tension (thus reinforced with
steel)
■ PASTE (matrix)
■strength of paste is dominated by capillary porosity, which in turn
is governed by:
■
W/C and
■
degree of hydration (α)
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Compressive Strength Vs Tensile Vs Flexural Strength
Approximations of Concrete Strengths
 Compressive strength ( ƒc′ )
7-day — approx. 75% of 28-day
 Flexural Strength ( Modulus of Rupture)

for normal density —
10% - 14% of ƒc′
 Tensile Strength
splitting tensile — 8% - 12% of ƒc′
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E and Density—Concrete
E and Density—Approx. Values
 Modulus of Elasticity ( E )
normal concrete — 14,000 to 41,000 MPa
 Density
 normal concrete — 2200 to 2400 kg/m3

 reinforced concrete — 2400 kg/m3 (heavier
because it contains the rebar)
 low density insulating concrete as little as 240
kg/m3
 high density concrete up to 6000 kg/m3
(radiation shielding, counterweights)
Compressive Strength Test Specimen 18
Sizes
• Compressive Strength Test Specimen

Sizes
❑Mortar — 50 mm (2 in.) cubes
❑Concrete
• Canada and US
•100 x 200 mm cylinders (new standards)
•150 x 300 mm cylinders (older standards but still
required in some jurisdictions)
• Europe and other
•100 x 100 mm cubes
•150 x 150 mm cubes
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Recent Trends in Construction
 Self-compacting concrete
 Eco-friendly bricks
 Self-healing concrete
 Self-sensing concrete
 Thermal storage concrete
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Self-compacting concrete
• Self compacting concrete is an innovative
concrete that does not require vibration
for placing and compaction.
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Indigenous Supplementary Materials
✓Bagasse ash
• Fly Ash
✓Slag
• Bentonite
• Granite dust
• Marble dust
• Fly
Lime Stone
Ash: emerges powder
as most suitable candidate in Green construction
and Pakistan is producing 2000MW from coal. 1MW consumes around 3750
tonnes of coal and 1 ton of coal generates around 250-300 kg of fly ash.
Overall, Pakistan generates 10.08 millions tons Fly ash per anum.
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New Innovative Construction Materials
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Fly Ash Bricks/ blocks

Fly Ash is used in replacement of soil
Compositions:
• Fly ash 60%, sand 20%, lime15%, gypsum 5% (soil optional 20%)
Potential benefits:
• Fly ash is coal power plant residue
• Environmental friendly
• High strength(Compressive strength :80-150 kg/cm3) vs
conventional brick is 70 to 80 kg/cm3
• Density: 1800-1950 kg/cm vs CB is 1100 to 1200kg/cm
• Low cast
• Compressed (vibro and hydraulic press)
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Compressed Earth bricks/blocks

Earth blocks are unfired, uniform building blocks, compressed from
clay-retaining earth, suitable for use for load-bearing and non-load
bearing walls, heat-accumulating walls
Heat walls and Finnovens.
Compositions:
Earth Bricks are made of Soil and Sand which is available in most
Compressed Earth bricks/blocks
villages. This is stabilized with 10% cement
Potential benefits:
✓Minimum mortar use
✓Environmental friendly
✓Moderate strength
✓Low cost
✓excellent thermal insulators
✓Any size and shape
✓Compressed (vibro and hydraulic)
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Bacterial Bricks
Boi-Influenced bricks are used for crack mitigation and
better performance
Compositions:
Sand, common bacteria and calcium chloride
✓Live bricks
Potential benefits:
✓Can mitigate induced cracking

✓Environmental friendly
✓High strength
✓Corrosion resistant
✓Durable
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Self-healing Concrete
Self-healing concrete is a product Seal the cracks

 CaCO3 precipitation
 Incorporated bacteria (Isolated from cement query)
Bacteria can be incorporated
 Directly
 Immobilization (iron oxide, Graphite nanotubes
bentonite, LSP, Sand, Recycled aggregate, Light
weight aggregate)
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Self-healing Concrete
Potential benefits
 Locally available materials
 Offset the cost of labor, repairing materials &
equipment
 Give liberty from scheduled repairs and maintenances
 Minimized negative impacts on environment,
extends building life and viability
 Assures the safety from failures, health due to
pollution control, encourage use of natural
resources and Maximum of 4mm crack width was
healed
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Structural Health Monitoring Self-Sensing Concrete
Sensing Damage
29
Thermal Storage Concrete

• Phase change materials and sawdust are
incorporated in concrete to make it
energy efficient
• Latent Heat Storage Material
30
Thank you

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Plain & Reinforced Concrete-I

 Concrete has relatively high compressive strength, but

 The elasticity of concrete is relatively constant at low stress

 All concrete structures will crack to some extent, due to

 Concrete can be damaged by fire, aggregate expansion, sea

Concrete made with siliceous rounded

Concrete made with crushed limestone

Macro & Microstructure of Concrete:

Concrete Material (SEM Images)

SEM of Hydration Products

➢Calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H)

 Concrete has voids that exist over a

 Each size and type of void can have

 Significant reduction in concrete strength (but this is

 Bubbles not interconnected

 Therefore, they do not result in more permeable

 Studies actually show that air entrained concrete is

Interfacial Transition Zone

 Weak porous zone around aggregate particles (high w/c ratio)

 Large, oriented Ca(OH)2 crystals

 Together with micro cracks can form connection

 Pathway for water and other aggressive chemicals to flow

 Influence durability and strength

Concrete Strength vs W/C Ratio

Approximations of Concrete Strengths

 Compressive strength ( ƒc′ )

7-day — approx. 75% of 28-day

 Flexural Strength ( Modulus of Rupture)

10% - 14% of ƒc′

 normal concrete — 2200 to 2400 kg/m3

• Compressive Strength Test Specimen

Fly Ash Bricks/ blocks

Compressed Earth bricks/blocks

✓Can mitigate induced cracking

Self-healing concrete is a product Seal the cracks

Structural Health Monitoring Self-Sensing Concrete

Thermal Storage Concrete

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