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Plain & Reinforced Concrete-I
CE-308
Lecture – 1
Introduction to Plain Concrete
Instructor:
Lecturer Atif Mehmood Khan
BE Civil Engineering - NUST
MS Structural Engineering – NUST
amehmood.nice.nust.edu.pk
0332-2777543
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Concrete
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Concrete
Concrete is a composite material composed of
fine and coarse aggregate bonded together
with a fluid cement (cement paste) that
hardens over time.
Components of concrete :
□Aggregates
□Portland Cement
□Admixtures
□Water
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Concrete
Properties of concrete
Concrete has relatively high compressive strength, but
significantly lower tensile strength.
The elasticity of concrete is relatively constant at low stress
levels but starts decreasing at higher stress levels as matrix
cracking develops.
All concrete structures will crack to some extent, due to
shrinkage and tension.
Concrete can be damaged by fire, aggregate expansion, sea
water effects, bacterial corrosion, leaching, physical damage
and chemical damage (from carbonation, chlorides, sulfates)
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Concrete
Concrete made with siliceous rounded
gravel
Concrete made with crushed limestone
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Macro & Microstructure of Concrete:
Macrostructure is the gross structure of a material that
is visible to the unaided human eye.
Microstructure is the subtle structure of a material
that is resolved with the help of a microscope
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Concrete Material (SEM Images)
Mesoscale Microscale Nanoscale
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SEM of Hydration Products
Hydration Products
➢Calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H)
➢Calcium hydroxide (CH)
➢Ettringite-Calcium sulfo-aluminates
hydrates
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Size Ranges
Dimensional range of solids and pores in a hydrated cement paste
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Voids in Concrete
Concrete Voids
The nature of concrete is highly
complex
Concrete has voids that exist over a
very wide range of sizes
Each size and type of void can have
different effects on the concrete
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Voids in Concrete
• Entrapped Voids
also called “rock pockets” or
“honeycomb” or “voids of incomplete
consolidation”
Affect durability and strength
significantly
should not be tolerated in concrete
structures
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Voids in Concrete
• Entrained Air
Entrained intentionally for freeze-thaw durability
Significant reduction in concrete strength (but this is
adjusted for in mix design by reducing w/cm)
Bubbles not interconnected
Therefore, they do not result in more permeable
concrete.
Studies actually show that air entrained concrete is
slightly less permeable
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Interfacial Transition Zone
• Transition Zone
Weak porous zone around aggregate particles (high w/c ratio)
Large, oriented Ca(OH)2 crystals
Reduced by SCM’s
Together with micro cracks can form connection
Pathway for water and other aggressive chemicals to flow
into concrete
Influence durability and strength
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Coarse Aggregate
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Concrete Strength vs W/C Ratio
Concrete Strength
■ concrete
is a brittle material
■much stronger in compression than tension (thus reinforced with
steel)
■ PASTE (matrix)
■strength of paste is dominated by capillary porosity, which in turn
is governed by:
■
W/C and
■
degree of hydration (α)
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Compressive Strength Vs Tensile Vs Flexural Strength
Approximations of Concrete Strengths
Compressive strength ( ƒc′ )
7-day — approx. 75% of 28-day
Flexural Strength ( Modulus of Rupture)
for normal density —
10% - 14% of ƒc′
Tensile Strength
splitting tensile — 8% - 12% of ƒc′
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E and Density—Concrete
E and Density—Approx. Values
Modulus of Elasticity ( E )
normal concrete — 14,000 to 41,000 MPa
Density
normal concrete — 2200 to 2400 kg/m3
reinforced concrete — 2400 kg/m3 (heavier
because it contains the rebar)
low density insulating concrete as little as 240
kg/m3
high density concrete up to 6000 kg/m3
(radiation shielding, counterweights)
Compressive Strength Test Specimen 18
Sizes
• Compressive Strength Test Specimen
Sizes
❑Mortar — 50 mm (2 in.) cubes
❑Concrete
• Canada and US
•100 x 200 mm cylinders (new standards)
•150 x 300 mm cylinders (older standards but still
required in some jurisdictions)
• Europe and other
•100 x 100 mm cubes
•150 x 150 mm cubes
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Recent Trends in Construction
Self-compacting concrete
Eco-friendly bricks
Self-healing concrete
Self-sensing concrete
Thermal storage concrete
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Self-compacting concrete
• Self compacting concrete is an innovative
concrete that does not require vibration
for placing and compaction.
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Indigenous Supplementary Materials
✓Bagasse ash
• Fly Ash
✓Slag
• Bentonite
• Granite dust
• Marble dust
• Fly
Lime Stone
Ash: emerges powder
as most suitable candidate in Green construction
and Pakistan is producing 2000MW from coal. 1MW consumes around 3750
tonnes of coal and 1 ton of coal generates around 250-300 kg of fly ash.
Overall, Pakistan generates 10.08 millions tons Fly ash per anum.
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New Innovative Construction Materials
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Fly Ash Bricks/ blocks
Fly Ash is used in replacement of soil
Compositions:
• Fly ash 60%, sand 20%, lime15%, gypsum 5% (soil optional 20%)
Potential benefits:
• Fly ash is coal power plant residue
• Environmental friendly
• High strength(Compressive strength :80-150 kg/cm3) vs
conventional brick is 70 to 80 kg/cm3
• Density: 1800-1950 kg/cm vs CB is 1100 to 1200kg/cm
• Low cast
• Compressed (vibro and hydraulic press)
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Compressed Earth bricks/blocks
Earth blocks are unfired, uniform building blocks, compressed from
clay-retaining earth, suitable for use for load-bearing and non-load
bearing walls, heat-accumulating walls
Heat walls and Finnovens.
Compositions:
Earth Bricks are made of Soil and Sand which is available in most
Compressed Earth bricks/blocks
villages. This is stabilized with 10% cement
Potential benefits:
✓Minimum mortar use
✓Environmental friendly
✓Moderate strength
✓Low cost
✓excellent thermal insulators
✓Any size and shape
✓Compressed (vibro and hydraulic)
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Bacterial Bricks
Boi-Influenced bricks are used for crack mitigation and
better performance
Compositions:
Sand, common bacteria and calcium chloride
✓Live bricks
Potential benefits:
✓Can mitigate induced cracking
✓Environmental friendly
✓High strength
✓Corrosion resistant
✓Durable
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Self-healing Concrete
Self-healing concrete is a product Seal the cracks
CaCO3 precipitation
Incorporated bacteria (Isolated from cement query)
Bacteria can be incorporated
Directly
Immobilization (iron oxide, Graphite nanotubes
bentonite, LSP, Sand, Recycled aggregate, Light
weight aggregate)
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Self-healing Concrete
Potential benefits
Locally available materials
Offset the cost of labor, repairing materials &
equipment
Give liberty from scheduled repairs and maintenances
Minimized negative impacts on environment,
extends building life and viability
Assures the safety from failures, health due to
pollution control, encourage use of natural
resources and Maximum of 4mm crack width was
healed
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Structural Health Monitoring Self-Sensing Concrete
Sensing Damage
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Thermal Storage Concrete
• Phase change materials and sawdust are
incorporated in concrete to make it
energy efficient
• Latent Heat Storage Material
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Thank you
