Scribd
Upload
40 views10 pages

Introduction To Neural Networks

Basic concepts and origin of NN

Uploaded by

Ryuji Channeru
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
40 views10 pages

Introduction To Neural Networks

Basic concepts and origin of NN

Uploaded by

Ryuji Channeru
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

Introduction to

Neural Networks

Neural networks, also known as artificial neural networks (ANNs), are


a powerful type of machine learning algorithm inspired by the
structure and function of the human brain. They are composed of
interconnected nodes, called neurons, which process and transmit
information. Neural networks are capable of learning complex
patterns from data, making them suitable for a wide range of
applications, including image recognition, natural language
processing, and predictive modeling. They have revolutionized
various fields, including computer science, engineering, and
medicine.
Biological Inspiration
1 Neurons 2 Synapses
The basic building blocks of neural Connections between neurons are
networks are inspired by neurons, called synapses, which play a
the fundamental units of the crucial role in information
nervous system. Each neuron transmission. The strength of
receives signals from other these connections, represented by
neurons through dendrites, synaptic weights, can be modified
processes these signals, and through learning, allowing the
transmits its output to other network to adapt to new data.
neurons through an axon.

3 Activation Function 4 Learning


The activation function Neural networks learn through a
determines the output of a neuron process called training, where
based on its input. This function, they are presented with a set of
often nonlinear, introduces non- examples and adjust their
linearity into the network, synaptic weights to minimize
enabling it to learn complex errors in their predictions.
relationships in data.
Artificial Neurons and Activation Functions

Artificial Neurons Activation Functions

Artificial neurons are simplified models of biological Activation functions introduce non-linearity into the
neurons. They receive inputs from other neurons, perform network, allowing it to learn more complex relationships
a weighted sum of these inputs, and then apply an in data. Common activation functions include:
activation function to produce an output. This output is
• Sigmoid: Outputs a value between 0 and 1
then transmitted to other neurons in the network.
• ReLU (Rectified Linear Unit): Outputs the input if
The weights associated with each input represent the it's positive and 0 otherwise
strength of the connection between neurons, analogous
• Tanh (Hyperbolic Tangent): Outputs a value
to synaptic weights in biological neurons.
between -1 and 1

The choice of activation function depends on the specific


task and the characteristics of the data.
Feedforward Neural Networks

Input Layer
The input layer receives raw data, such as images, text, or
numerical values, and represents it as a vector of features.

Hidden Layers
Hidden layers process the input features through multiple layers
of interconnected neurons. Each hidden layer learns increasingly
abstract representations of the data, allowing the network to
capture complex patterns.

Output Layer
The output layer produces the final prediction based on the
learned representations from the hidden layers. The output can
take various forms, such as class labels, probabilities, or
continuous values.
Backpropagation Algorithm

1 Forward Pass
The forward pass involves propagating the input signal through
the network, from the input layer to the output layer,
calculating the output for each neuron.

2 Error Calculation
The error, or difference between the network's prediction and
the actual target value, is calculated for each output neuron.

3 Backward Pass
The error signal is propagated backward through the network,
from the output layer to the input layer, adjusting the weights
of each neuron to minimize the overall error.
Convolutional Neural
Networks
Convolutional Layers Pooling Layers
Convolutional layers extract Pooling layers reduce the
features from the input data, dimensionality of feature maps,
such as images, using downsampling them while
convolutional filters. These filters retaining important features. This
slide across the input data, process helps to reduce
detecting patterns and creating computational cost and prevent
feature maps. overfitting.

Fully Connected Layers


Fully connected layers are similar to the layers used in traditional
feedforward networks. They connect all neurons in one layer to all
neurons in the next layer, allowing for complex feature interactions.
Recurrent Neural Networks

Type Description

RNN A type of neural network that


processes sequential data, such as
text or time series. They have
internal memory that allows them to
learn dependencies between data
points.
LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) A variant of RNN that addresses the
vanishing gradient problem,
allowing them to learn long-term
dependencies in data.

GRU (Gated Recurrent Unit) Another variant of RNN with a


simpler architecture than LSTM, but
still capable of capturing long-term
dependencies.
Applications of Neural
Networks

Image Recognition Speech Recognition


Neural networks have achieved They are used in speech recognition
remarkable success in image systems, allowing computers to
recognition tasks, such as object understand and transcribe spoken
detection, image classification, and language.
face recognition.

Natural Language Processing Robotics


(NLP)
They are used to control robots and
Neural networks play a crucial role in autonomous vehicles, enabling them
NLP applications, such as machine to perceive their environment and
translation, text summarization, and make decisions.
sentiment analysis.
Challenges and Limitations

1 Data Requirements 2 Interpretability


Neural networks require large Understanding the decision-
amounts of labeled data for making process of neural
effective training, which can be networks can be difficult,
a significant challenge for some making it challenging to
applications. interpret their predictions and
explain their behavior.

3 Computational Cost 4 Overfitting


Training and deploying neural Neural networks are prone to
networks can be overfitting, where they learn the
computationally expensive, training data too well and fail to
requiring powerful hardware and generalize to new, unseen data.
significant processing time.
Future Trends in Neural Networks

Quantum Neural Networks Spiking Neural Networks


These networks leverage the principles of quantum Inspired by the biological firing patterns of neurons,
mechanics to enhance computational power and solve spiking neural networks process information in discrete
problems that are intractable for traditional neural time steps, mimicking the asynchronous nature of
networks. biological neurons.

You might also like