06 TheCPUAndMemory

6.
The CPU and Memory
Chapt. 7 ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Introduction
The Little Man Computer (LMC) is cute, but
Real computers
Memory is separate from the CPU Data are in binary (not decimal) Central Processing Unit
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Components of a CPU
ALU (arithmetic and logic unit)
Perform arithmetic and logic operations Arithmetic: add, subtract, multiply, divide, etc. Logic: AND, OR, NOT, Shift, etc.
Control unit
Interprets instructions Controls the flow of information within the CPU Works with a program counter (address of next instruction)
Input/output interface
Provides mechanism for input and output of data Many variations possible
p. 166 ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
LMC Counterparts
ALU Input/output interface
456 123 00 01 02 03 04 05 123 500 199 500 399
Control unit
95 96 97 98 99 05
789
123
Program counter
System Block Diagram

CPU
ALU Input/output interface
Memory
Control unit Program counter
ITEC 1011
Registers
A register is a single storage location within the CPU Unlike memory, which is outside the CPU Examples of registers:
Accumulator (ACC) Program counter (PC) Instruction register (IR) Memory address register (MAR) Memory data register (MDR) Status register
General purpose registers (R0, R1, )

Included on some CPUs Used for high-speed temporary storage of program variables
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Memory Unit
n bits Memory address register
bit 0
Memory cell
bit 1 0 1 2 3 4
Address decoder
bit n - 1 0 1 2 m-1
2n-1
Memory data register

m bits
p. 170
Memory Capacity
2n x m n address bits = 2n addresses m data bits m is the width of the data path Typical values:
n: 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, etc. m: 8, 16, 32, 64
ITEC 1011
Question
Q: How many bits of memory are contained in a memory unit with 512KB of memory? A: 512 = 29, K = 210, B = byte = 8 = 23 29 x 210 x 23 = 222 = 4,194,304
ITEC 1011
Exercise Memory Capacity

Q: How many bits of memory are contained in a memory unit with 2MB of memory? A:
Skip answer
Answer
Exercise Memory Capacity

Answer
Q: How many bits of memory are contained in a memory unit with 2MB of memory? A: 2 = 21, M = 220, B = byte = 8 = 23 21 x 220 x 23 = 224 = 16,777,216
ITEC 1011
Memory Implementations
RAM random access memory
Static RAM Dynamic RAM
ROM read-only memory
Fetch-Execute Cycle
Two steps, or cycles, in the execution of every instruction
Fetch fetch the code for the instruction from memory and place it in the IR (instruction register) Execute execute the instruction
A pretty picture sometimes helps

Fetch
ITEC 1011
Execute time
The Store Instruction
PC Fetch MDR
MAR IR MAR time
IR[address] Execute A MDR PC
PC + 1
ITEC 1011
The Add Instruction
PC Fetch MDR
MAR IR MAR time
IR[address] Execute A + MDR PC + 1 A PC
ITEC 1011
Buses
Definition: a collection of wires with a common purpose Each wire is called a line Typically, buses carry information from one place to another
From our first lecture

bus Printer Mouse Keyboard Modem CPU RAM Network card Computer
Ports
Disk controller Graphics card Sound card Monitor
Speakers
Types of Buses (1 of 3)
Point-to-point
Serial port Modem
Control unit
ALU
ITEC 1011
Multipoint
Computer Computer
Computer
Computer
CPU Disk controller

ITEC 1011
Memory Video controller
Daisy chain
Device controller Device Device Device Terminator
Buses Inside a Computer

Data bus Address bus Control bus CPU I/O Module Memory
Motherboard
Many configurations possible
I/O Device
Data Bus
Carries data between the CPU and memory or I/O devices Bi-directional
Data transferred out of the CPU for write operations Data transferred into the CPU for read operations
Typical sizes: 8, 16, 32, 64 lines Signal names:

D0, D1, D2, D3, etc.
ITEC 1011
Address Bus
Carries an address from the CPU to Memory or I/O devices Unidirectional
The address is always supplied by the CPU
(There is one exception to this, which well discuss later.)
Typical sizes: 16, 20, 24 lines Signal names:

A0, A1, A2, A3, etc.
ITEC 1011
Control Bus
Collection of signals for coordinating CPU activities Each signal has a unique purpose Typical sizes: 10-20 lines Signals are output, input, or bi-directional Typical signals

ITEC 1011
/RD (read) /WR (write CLK (clock) /IRQ (interrupt request) etc.
Memory Maps
The usage of memory space on a system is commonly depicted in a memory map The height of the map is determined by the number of addresses The width of the map is usually 8 bits E.g.,
a system with a capacity of 216 bytes
ITEC 1011
Memory Map
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 FFFF
Data bit position
Hexadecimal address
ITEC 1011
0002 0001 0000
The bottom of memory
Use of Memory Maps

Memory maps are usually drawn to show what is where on a system The possibilities for what
RAM, ROM, I/O, nothing
The possibilities for where

Determined by the starting/ending addresses for each block of RAM, ROM, I/O, nothing
E.g.,
a memory map for a system with a capacity of 224 bytes with two 1 MB RAM modules residing consecutively at the bottom of memory
Memory Map
FFFFFF
14 MB 224 bytes = 16 MB capacity

200000 1FFFFF
empty
1 MB RAM
100000 0FFFFF
1 MB RAM
000000 ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Exercise Memory Space

Q: A system with a memory capacity of 128 GB has four 32 MB memory modules installed consecutively at the bottom of memory. The rest of the memory is unused. How much memory space is available for future expansion? (Give your answer in decimal in megabytes.) A: ?
Skip answer
Answer
Exercise Memory Space

Answer
Q: A system with a memory capacity of 128 GB has four 32 MB memory modules installed. The rest of the memory is unused. How much memory space is available for future expansion? (Give your answer in decimal in megabytes.) A: 128 GB 4 x 32 MB = 27 x 210 MB - 22 x 25 MB = (217 27) MB = (131,072 128) MB = 130,944 MB
Exercise Memory Maps

Draw a memory map for a system with a capacity of 2 GB. Assume the system has three 32 MB memory modules residing consecutively at the bottom of memory. Illustrate the size of each block in MB and the starting and ending address of each block of memory in hexadecimal.
Skip answer
Answer
Memory Map
Answer 7FFFFFFF
1,952 MB empty 231 bytes = 2 GB capacity

06000000 05FFFFFF 04000000 03FFFFFF Note: 2 GB = 2,048 MB 02000000 01FFFFFF 00000000
32 MB RAM 32 MB RAM 32 MB RAM
ITEC 1011
Memory vs. I/O

Our system block diagram shows memory and I/O connected to the same buses (data, address, & control) This raises the question
How is I/O differentiated from memory?
(Well answer this in the next topic)
ITEC 1011
Thank you
ITEC 1011

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6.

The CPU and Memory

Chapt. 7 ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

Introduction to Information Technologies

System Block Diagram

Control unit Program counter

Introduction to Information Technologies

General purpose registers (R0, R1, )

Memory data register

Introduction to Information Technologies

Introduction to Information Technologies

Exercise Memory Capacity

Exercise Memory Capacity

Introduction to Information Technologies

ROM read-only memory

p. 175 ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

A pretty picture sometimes helps

Introduction to Information Technologies

The Store Instruction

MAR IR MAR time

IR[address] Execute A MDR PC

Introduction to Information Technologies

The Add Instruction

MAR IR MAR time

IR[address] Execute A + MDR PC + 1 A PC

Introduction to Information Technologies

From our first lecture

Disk controller Graphics card Sound card Monitor

Introduction to Information Technologies

CPU Disk controller

Memory Video controller

Introduction to Information Technologies

Buses Inside a Computer

Typical sizes: 8, 16, 32, 64 lines Signal names:

Introduction to Information Technologies

Typical sizes: 16, 20, 24 lines Signal names:

Introduction to Information Technologies

Introduction to Information Technologies

Data bit position

0002 0001 0000

The bottom of memory

Introduction to Information Technologies

Use of Memory Maps

The possibilities for where

14 MB 224 bytes = 16 MB capacity

Exercise Memory Space

Exercise Memory Space

Exercise Memory Maps

1,952 MB empty 231 bytes = 2 GB capacity

32 MB RAM 32 MB RAM 32 MB RAM

Introduction to Information Technologies

Memory vs. I/O

Introduction to Information Technologies

Introduction to Information Technologies

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