Analyzing The

Meaning of The
Data and Drawing
Conclusion
 What I Know

Before moving on to the next part of this module,

complete the following statements by choosing from
the given options.
1. What is the scientific investigation of phenomena
which includes collection, presentation, analysis,
and interpretation of facts that lines an
individual’s speculation with reality?
A. Research C. Quantitative research
B. Qualitative Research D. Scientific method
2. Which of the following is the first step in
formulating a Qualitative research title?
A. Concept Making C. Formulation of Ideas
B. Citing a Problem D. Reading Journal Articles 1
3. What kind of question should
Qualitative Research start with?
A. Do or Does C. Is or Are
B. Does or Did D. Why or How
4. What kind of research is used to
quantify attitudes, opinions, behavior,
and other defined variables and
generalize results from a larger
population?
A. Research C. Quantitative Research
5. What kind of Qualitative Research is
emphasized in this title “Understanding
Addiction: A Study of Adolescent Drug-
users?
A. Case Study C. Ethnography
B. Content Analysis D. Phenomenology
6. This kind of Qualitative Research refers
to a particular group in which it reveals
the nature or characteristics of their own
culture through the world’s perceptions
of the cultural group’s members.
A. Content Analysis C. Ethnography
B. Case Study D. Historical
7. This kind of Qualitative Research
involves a long-time study of a
particular
person in psychology, medicine, and
education. It seeks to find answers to
why
such things occur to the subject.
A. Content Analysis C. Ethnography
B. Case Study D.
Historical Research
8. Which of the following is most
appropriate to a qualitative approach?
A. Describing the relationship between
students’ math attitudes and their math
achievement
B. Describing the effect on students’
achievement of creating a
student/centered assessment environment.
C. Identifying the characteristics that
differentiate students who dropout of high
school from students who do not drop out.
D. Understanding what is like to work in a
school that is changing the decision-
making process from a top-down,
administratively driven model to a bottom-
9. Ethics in research ensure that
participants have informed consent. Which
of the
following actions is the best example of
informed consent?
A. talking to him or her privately C. writing
him or her a letter
B. surprising him or her with a questionnaire
C. writing him or her a letter
D. Taking his or her picture
10. Confidentiality of a participant is
best exemplified in which of the
following actions?
A. Asking the participants to write
his or her name in the questionnaire
B. Not mentioning his or her name in
the Participants of the Study Section
C. Introducing himself or herself in
an interview
D. Taking his/ her picture and
placing it in the appendix
Writing
Methodology
• How to write a methodology
1.Restate your thesis or research
problem. ...
For example: in this research study
about the effects of school
publications organization on staff
writers creativity, the researchers
used a phenomenological research
design
2.Research design
• What is your research
design?
• What is the meaning of
research design?
• What is the purpose of
research design in your
study?
3. Respondents of the study and
sampling procedure.
Write your respondents and what
sampling procedure you going to
use.
4. Research Instrument
What types of research
instruments are you going to use?
What is the meaning of the
structured, unstructured, or semi-
structured
5.Data Gathering Procedure.
For example; In this data will be
gathered through a series of semi-
structured questions. The researcher
asked the research adviser, and the
principal for permission to conduct this
interview. After the approval of the
research adviser, the researchers
carefully conduct the study.The
research study was thoroughly
explained to the respondents.
Treatment of the study
These are the results
of your study.
 INFER
PATTERNS AND
THEMES FROM
THE GATHERED
DATA
THE PATTERN,
THEME, and
CODE A code in qualitative inquiry is most
often a word phrase that
symbolically defines a summative,
salient, essence-capturing, and/or
evocative attribute for a portion of
language-based or visual data. This
data can be composed of interview
transcripts, participant observation
field notes, journals, documents,
literature, artifacts, photographs,
videos, websites, e-mail, and
• While a pattern is something that
happens in a regular and repeated
way. A theme is generated when
similar issues and ideas expressed
by participants within qualitative
data are brought together by the
researcher into a single category or
cluster. There are two strategies on
how to infer data. These are
thematic analysis and qualitative
data analysis (QDA). But we will
focus on thematic analysis
Thematic
analysis
• Thematic analysis
is a method for
analyzing qualitative
data that involves
reading through a
data set and looking
for patterns to
derive themes.
There are 6 steps • 1. Familiarization with the data: This
in thematic phase involves reading and re-reading
analysis. We will the data, to become immersed and
discuss in detail in intimately familiar with its content.
each step

• 2. Coding - this phase involves

generating succinct labels (codes) that
identify important features of the data
that might be relevant to answering the
research question. It involves coding
the entire dataset, and after that,
collating all the codes and all relevant
data extracts, together for later stages
of analysis.
CODES- identifying concepts from the
collected (raw) data.
CATEGORIES- linking codes to create a
unit or a category.
PATTERNS- Identifying repeated units
(a pattern from categories)
THEME- Creating a theme that represents
similar patterns.
• 3. Searching for Themes. This phase
involves examining the codes and collated
data to identify significant broader patterns
of meaning (potential themes). It then
involves collating data relevant to each
candidate theme, so that you can work
with the data and review the viability of
each candidate theme.
• 4. Reviewing themes. This phase
involves checking the candidate themes
against the data set, to determine if they
tell a convincing story of the data, and one
that answers the research question. In this
phase, themes are typically refined, which
• 5. Defining and naming
themes. This phase involves
developing a detailed analysis of
each theme, working out the scope
and focus of each theme, and
determining the “story” of each. It
also involves deciding on an
informative name for each theme.
• 6. Writing Up. This final phase
involves weaving together the
analytic narrative data and
extracts and contextualizing the
analysis in relation to existing
Here is an example of a transcribed result of
an interview conducted in Clarin National High
School to displaced learners during the Marawi
siege. They could come up with varied themes
depending on the question asked. This is a
result based on a one-on-one interview.
VERBATIM TRANSLATION THEME

1. I. Paano ka I. How did you recover

nakarecover sa after the siege?
nangyari sa P: For me, I have RECOVERED
Marawi recovered from what
P: Para sa akin, happened in Marawi
nakaricover ako sa ever since we started to
nangyari sa Marawi live in my auntie
magmula nung because we became
tumira kami dito sa closer, and we started
untie ko, mas to get used to the way
napalapit kami sa of living here.
 In this lesson, the next task expected of you is to
analyze data carefully. For most researchers, this is the
heaviest task, but it is the most fulfilling. Qualitative
data analysis is an ongoing and cyclical process that
includes the identification, examination, and
interpretation of certain patterns and themes in the
data. It determines how these patterns and themes
help answer the research questions.
This part will guide you on how to make this task
easy. Below are the processes
In doing a qualitative analysis.
1. Know your data. Reread your written observations,
relisten the audio-recorded interviews, or rewatch
the movie or clip.
For example:
Your research question is “
Why are some high school
students sometimes late for
school? Common responses
would be the school’s
distance, walking up late “
Common responses would be
school’s distance, waking
late, and tons of chores before
going prior to going to school,
sleeping late, etc.
3. Do coding. Always consult your
research questions or you might end
up coding unnecessary information.
Coding is simply categorizing the data
and reducing them.
4. Clean your data. Go through your
data once more if there are data
errors.
5. Identify meaningful patterns and
themes. Identifying meaningful
patterns and themes is the heart and
6. Interpret your data. After
analyzing, coding, and
organizing the data, and
identifying the patterns and
themes, you are now ready to
interpret your data. In
interpreting data, you will
synthesize your tables into a
paragraph.
Verbatim Translation Theme

I: Para sao, may I: How about you, STRONG FAITH

nagbago ba? Are there any
P:Para sa akin, hindi. changes?
Kasi mas lumakas P. For me, its no,
yung because my faith in
pananampalataya ko God became
sa Panginoon. stronger

I:Anong natutunan I: what have you THE CULTURAL

mo matapos ang learned that, even PRACTICES
nanyari though you in a non-
P: Yung natutunan Muslim area, your
ko ay, kahit nasa shouldn’t neglect
Christian area ka, the practice of your
wag mo dapat religion